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Lying in International Politics
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ABSTRACT
Virtually all individuals engage in some deception in their daily lives,
and it is hardly controversial. But lying, which is a particular kind of deception, is widely considered to be a loathsome form of behavior. Yet it is an accepted feature of international relations. Statesmen obviously believe that lying sometimes has utility.
This paper explores the role of lying in world politics and its
consequences. The analysis is built around four questions. First, what are the different kinds of lies that statesman tell? Second, what are the strategic logics that explain each kind of lying? Third, when are statesmen more or less likely to tell each of those different kinds of lies? Fourth, what are the consequences of international lying for a state’s domestic politics as well as its foreign policy?
I argue that international lying takes four forms. Inter-state lying is
where states lie to each other to gain strategic advantage. Fear-mongering is where foreign policy elites lie to their own public because they believe that the people do not recognize the seriousness of an external threat and they need to be motivated to deal with it. Nationalist myth-making is where elites tell lies about their state’s history to help foster a powerful sense of national identity among all segments of society. Anti-realist lying is where elites attempt to disguise brutal behavior carried out in pursuit of realist (or other) goals, because it conflicts with widely-accepted liberal norms.
Although there are compelling logics for pursuing each of these
different kinds of lying, fear-mongering stands out as the one most likely to have serious negative consequences. Specifically, it is likely to encourage a culture of dishonesty on the home-front, and it has the most potential for backfiring and leading to a strategic debacle.
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| | Authors: Mearsheimer, John. |
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ABSTRACT
Virtually all individuals engage in some deception in their daily lives,
and it is hardly controversial. But lying, which is a particular kind of
deception, is widely considered to be a loathsome form of behavior. Yet it is
an accepted feature of international relations. Statesmen obviously believe
that lying sometimes has utility.
This paper explores the role of lying in world politics and its
consequences. The analysis is built around four questions. First, what are
the different kinds of lies that statesman tell? Second, what are the strategic
logics that explain each kind of lying? Third, when are statesmen more or
less likely to tell each of those different kinds of lies? Fourth, what are the
consequences of international lying for a state’s domestic politics as well as
its foreign policy?
I argue that international lying takes four forms. Inter-state lying is
where states lie to each other to gain strategic advantage. Fear-mongering
is where foreign policy elites lie to their own public because they believe
that the people do not recognize the seriousness of an external threat and
they need to be motivated to deal with it. Nationalist myth-making is
where elites tell lies about their state’s history to help foster a powerful sense
of national identity among all segments of society. Anti-realist lying is
where elites attempt to disguise brutal behavior carried out in pursuit of
realist (or other) goals, because it conflicts with widely-accepted liberal
norms.
Although there are compelling logics for pursuing each of these
different kinds of lying, fear-mongering stands out as the one most likely to
have serious negative consequences. Specifically, it is likely to encourage a
culture of dishonesty on the home-front, and it has the most potential for
backfiring and leading to a strategic debacle.
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