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Figure 1. Identification, Fear and Anti-Americanism
Identification with the Degree of fear that the United States will adversely affect one’s own society:
United States:
Low
High
Positive: subject
associates herself
with what she
considers to be US
practices
Negative: subject
opposes what she
considers to be US
practices
Source: Katzenstein and Keohane 2007a: 29.
I. pro-Americanism
II. Critique of hypocrisy.
Example: liberal Anti-Americanism
III. Ambivalence.
Example: latent social Anti-
Americanism
IV. Severe criticism.
Example: intense social Anti-
Americanism.
V. Negative feelings but not
intense; unlikely to lead to action.
Example: latent sovereign-
nationalist Anti-Americanism
VI. More intense, and more likely to
lead to action, than V due to
perceived threat.
Example: intense sovereign-
nationalist Anti-Americanism
VII. Negative and more intense
than V but less than VI and VIII
due to Lack of perceived threat.
Example: latent radical Anti-
Americanism
VIII. Very negative and intense;
likely to lead to action, violent or
non-violent.
Example: mobilized radical Anti-
Americanism
Convention