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The Rate of Profiles Indicative of Severe Dissociative Disorders on Self Report Measures in Former Members of High Demand Religious Movements

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Abstract:

This paper presents original research that the author conducted on former members of high demand religious movements in Australia in the years 1993-1995 for which the author was granted the Degree of Ph.D. in 1998. 106 former members of high demand religious movements and 65 controls were tested with the Catell 16 Personality Factor & Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, Tellengen Absorption Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale and Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule yielding significantly higher scores on the Schizophrenia and Psychoticism scales of the Catell CAQ. Multiple Regression yielded a subgroup of second generation former members who were born in their group or joined as children with significantly higher scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, DES taxon, and the hypochondriasis, suicidal depression, agitation, low energy depression, boredom and withdrawl, guilt & resentment, paranoia, schizophrenia, psychaesthenia and psychological inadequacy as well as depression and psychoticism on the composite scales. Diagnoses of severe dissociative disorders were later confirmed in 6 research subjects after subject requested referrals for professional counseling. This study contravenes the overly sanguine view of involvement in high demand religiousity by many sociologists and gives evidence of an intermediate range of dissociative disorders in survivors of religious abuse that is less than that found in survivors of alleged ritual abuse, but by no means insignificant.

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yes (120), dissoci (111), disord (98), subject (85), research (83), 8 (69), 7 (68), high (51), person (50), 10 (46), 9 (44), 6 (40), score (39), ident (38), signific (36), former (35), 5 (35), depress (35), 2 (34), test (33), scale (32),
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Name: International Society of Political Psychology
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MLA Citation:

Katchen, Martin. "The Rate of Profiles Indicative of Severe Dissociative Disorders on Self Report Measures in Former Members of High Demand Religious Movements" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Classical Chinese Garden, Portland, Oregon USA, Jul 04, 2007 <Not Available>. 2008-12-11 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p204771_index.html>

APA Citation:

Katchen, M. , 2007-07-04 "The Rate of Profiles Indicative of Severe Dissociative Disorders on Self Report Measures in Former Members of High Demand Religious Movements" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Classical Chinese Garden, Portland, Oregon USA Online <PDF>. 2008-12-11 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p204771_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper presents original research that the author conducted on former members of high demand religious movements in Australia in the years 1993-1995 for which the author was granted the Degree of Ph.D. in 1998. 106 former members of high demand religious movements and 65 controls were tested with the Catell 16 Personality Factor & Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, Tellengen Absorption Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale and Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule yielding significantly higher scores on the Schizophrenia and Psychoticism scales of the Catell CAQ. Multiple Regression yielded a subgroup of second generation former members who were born in their group or joined as children with significantly higher scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, DES taxon, and the hypochondriasis, suicidal depression, agitation, low energy depression, boredom and withdrawl, guilt & resentment, paranoia, schizophrenia, psychaesthenia and psychological inadequacy as well as depression and psychoticism on the composite scales. Diagnoses of severe dissociative disorders were later confirmed in 6 research subjects after subject requested referrals for professional counseling. This study contravenes the overly sanguine view of involvement in high demand religiousity by many sociologists and gives evidence of an intermediate range of dissociative disorders in survivors of religious abuse that is less than that found in survivors of alleged ritual abuse, but by no means insignificant.

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Associated Document Available International Society of Political Psychology
Associated Document Available Political Research Online

Document Type: PDF
Page count: 42
Word count: 2790
Text sample:
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS IN FORMER CULT MEMBERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL OF THE  ETIOLOGY OF  DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER BY MARTIN H. KATCHEN Ph.D. Abstract The testing of a sample of former members of high­demand religious cults yielded a high incidence  of profiles indicative of Dissociative Identity Disorder in 13 out of 106 research subjects and other  dissociative disorders in 10 others  a rate roughly 10 times that found studies of the incidence of  the condition in general populations. This finding was highly concentrated in the segment of the  research population that had been born and raised in the cult that they exited.. These religious sect  members had little or no contact with psychiatric or psychological counseling  prior to testing and  no contact with therapists who treat dissociative disorders. However  most research subjects  showing dissociative disorder profiles reported physical abuse and many reported sexual abuse in  semistructured interviews. This finding casts significant doubt on the sociocultural hypothesis of the  etiology of dissociative disorders and tends to validate trauma based models for the etiology of  DID.  The finding  102 research subjects and 48 control subjects were given the Catell 16 Personality Factor Test and  Clinical Analysis  the Modified Tellengen Absorption Scale  and the Dissociative Experiences  Scale. The questionnaires yielded a significantly high rate of overall dissociation  measured by the  Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and clinically pathological dissociation  measured by the the  Dissociative Experiences Scale Taxon Subscale (DES Taxon) and correlated with high scores on  many subscales of the Catell Clinical Analysis Questionnaire. Follow­up interviews with the  Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule yielded profiles consistent with Dissociative Identity  Disorder in many cases in the population segment which joined the movement either at birth or as  a minor child.  Severe dissociative disorders appear to be relatively common in people socialized  into high demand religious movements who  leave or are expelled from these movements   suggesting  a dissociative component to  Galanter’s finding of a ‘relief effect’ from neurotic  symptoms obtained through joining high demand religious movements and also casts into serious  doubt the casual iatrogenesis model for the formation of Dissociative Identity Disorder since few  subjects had any  contact with mental health professionals prior to testing     I have told you what has transpired with the cult brainwashing issue during the 28 years  between my last paper at ISPP and now  in my last paper. Now I shall tell you of  the  research I have been engaged in during this period. For a number of reasons  I was delayed in my graduate program until 1986  when I started  my Masters Degree at University of Denver Department of Religious Studies under  Professor Carl Raschke. As part of my program  I produced a term paper which put forth  the hypothesis that former cult members who had been exit­counseled would prove to be  more hypnotizable  using a standardized instrument of hypnotizability  than former cult  members who left the cult of their own volition. I reasoned  naively  I now think  that for  parents to be motivated to seek out exit­counseling for their offspring  the offspring would  be exhibiting hypnotic like behavior.  I took this proposal to a Cult Awareness Network meeting in 1989 and both Margaret  Singer and Louis Jolyon West agreed that the hypothesis was testable. In fact   hypnotizability was the only aspect of the sudden brainwashing hypothesis that lent itself to  standardized psychological measures.  I graduated from University of Denver in 1990 and immediately ran into the blacklisting of  brainwashing and all scholars associated with it that I have discussed in the last paper. I  was turned down by the Religious Studies departments at Syracuse  Princeton  and  Pennsylvania Universities in the US and McGill and Concordia Universities in Canada  before I was able to gain admittance at Sydney University in Australia. Sydney had the  advantage of conferring a PH.D. based on research alone  which would enable me to  finish more quickly. I had what I thought was good supervision from Rachael Kohn  who  was supportive of my work. And I was even able to get an Overseas Postgraduate  Research Scholarship from Australia’s Department of Education and Educational Training.  As it turned out  things did not go completely as planned. I found myself in a strange  country with very limited funds with which to do my research. The Sydney University  Department of Religious Studies amalgamated with the Divinity School to form the School  of Studies in Religion
7 7 6 8 10 3 3 Disorder Criteria Endorsed Psychogenic Amnesia yes yes no yes no no yes Depersonalization no no yes no no no no Psychogenic Fugue no no no yes no no yes DID DSM­IV no no no no no no no Different Personalities no yes uns no yes uns yes dominant consciousness no yes uns no yes yes no takeover on 3 occasions no yes uns no yes uns yes complex relationships no yes no no yes no no amnesia between personalities no no no no no no


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