Author's Keywords: Congress, American Foreign Policy, Political Communication, War	Convention All Academic Convention makes running your annual conference simple and cost effective. It is your online solution for abstract management, peer review, and scheduling for your annual meeting or convention. Submission - Custom fields, multiple submission types, tracks, audio visual, multiple upload formats, automatic conversion to pdf. Review - Peer Review, Bulk reviewer assignment, bulk emails, ranking, z-score statistics, and multiple worksheets! Reports - Many standard and custom reports generated while you wait. Print programs with participant indexes, event grids, and more! Scheduling - Flexible and convenient grid scheduling within rooms and buildings. Conflict checking and advanced filtering. Communication - Bulk email tools to help your administrators send reminders and responses. Use form letters, a message center, and much more! Management - Search tools, duplicate people management, editing tools, submission transfers, many tools to manage a variety of conference management headaches! Click here for more information.
Association: Name: American Political Science Association URL: http://www.apsanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p210429_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Bressler, Michael. "Congressional Dissent During Times of War: How Congress Uses the Media to Influence Foreign Policy" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL, Aug 30, 2007 <Not Available>. 2008-12-11 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p210429_index.html>

Bressler, M. , 2007-08-30 "Congressional Dissent During Times of War: How Congress Uses the Media to Influence Foreign Policy" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2008-12-11 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p210429_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: American foreign policy has long been viewed by scholars as an “invitation to struggle” between the executive and legislative branches. During periods of international tension the advantage in this struggle goes to the president as commander in chief, especially during times of war. Although publicly voicing dissent at such times often carries great political risks, some members of Congress see going public as the only means they have to challenge the president in his conduct of the war. Through content analysis of the New York Times for selected periods of unified government during the Vietnam and Iraq wars (1965 and 2005), this preliminary study examines who in Congress went public to try to influence the content and direction of the president’s war policy. The paper finds that despite the shift in Congress from institutionalized to individualized pluralism that followed the Vietnam war, the “experts-cum-insiders” of the congressional committees most responsible for foreign policy continue to dominate the public debate on questions of war and peace. The study also finds that members of Congress who are not in the president’s party have been much more likely to go public during the Iraq war than was the case during Vietnam. At the same time, the paper provides evidence of a highly organized media strategy on the part of the minority Republican leadership in 1965 to influence President Johnson’s Vietnam policy. The data also show evidence of a widening partisan gap in foreign policy in Congress. Whereas in 1965, President Johnson received similar levels of support and opposition from Democrats and Republicans, in 2005, very few Democrats were willing to support President Bush, reflecting the ideological polarization of the party system.

Examining Presidential Influence in Congress: Testing a Theory of Anticipated Reactions in the Realm of Foreign and Domesit Policy, 1953-98

Policy, Media, and Public Agendas: What Influences the Timing of PAC Contributions?