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The Greening of Trade Policy: Environment in U.S. Free Trade Agreements |
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Abstract:
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This paper contends that trade policy under the George W. Bush Administration has incorporated environmental concerns to a surprising degree. Current U.S. trade policy may even be exerting greater positive leverage over environmental protection among our foreign counterparts than U.S. foreign environmental policy. What accounts for this counter-intuitive finding? I argue that environmental concerns have been institutionalized into trade policy in ways likely to constrain any Administration. Because of these constraints, I argue that U.S. trade policy has institutionalized environmental concerns in three specific ways. First, since U.S. free trade agreements (FTA's) since NAFTA have contained substantive environmental commitments by all parties, most prominently the obligation not to fail to effectively enforce domestic environmental laws, subject to the same dispute-settlement provisions as other enforceable provisions of the agreement. Second, FTA's are now explicitly tied to agreements with our trading partners on environmental cooperation (ECA's). While these cooperation mechanisms may be modest in scope and sometimes lack earmarked funding, ECA's nonetheless may provide incentives for our trading partners to agree to enforceable environmental obligations, elevate the political prominence of environmental issues, and build institutional. Third, environmental reviews of trade agreements offer the potential to identify likely domestic, transboundary, and global environmental effects of the trade agreement in time to have those effects reflected in the negotiations themselves, as well as to identify priority areas for environmental cooperation among parties after the trade agreement is ratified. Put together, these three channels of influence have made the current Administration surprisingly active in using trade policy as a lever for improving international environmental protection. More generally, the institutional conditions now in place will push future Administrations to do at least as much, if not more, in reconciling trade liberalization with environmental protection. |
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Association:
Name: International Studies Association
URL: http://www.isanet.org
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Citation:
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MLA Citation:
| Connolly, Barbara. "The Greening of Trade Policy: Environment in U.S. Free Trade Agreements" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005 <Not Available>. 2008-10-10 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p69546_index.html> |
APA Citation:
| Connolly, B. , 2005-03-05 "The Greening of Trade Policy: Environment in U.S. Free Trade Agreements" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii <Not Available>. 2008-10-10 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p69546_index.html |
Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper contends that trade policy under the George W. Bush Administration has incorporated environmental concerns to a surprising degree. Current U.S. trade policy may even be exerting greater positive leverage over environmental protection among our foreign counterparts than U.S. foreign environmental policy. What accounts for this counter-intuitive finding? I argue that environmental concerns have been institutionalized into trade policy in ways likely to constrain any Administration. Because of these constraints, I argue that U.S. trade policy has institutionalized environmental concerns in three specific ways. First, since U.S. free trade agreements (FTA's) since NAFTA have contained substantive environmental commitments by all parties, most prominently the obligation not to fail to effectively enforce domestic environmental laws, subject to the same dispute-settlement provisions as other enforceable provisions of the agreement. Second, FTA's are now explicitly tied to agreements with our trading partners on environmental cooperation (ECA's). While these cooperation mechanisms may be modest in scope and sometimes lack earmarked funding, ECA's nonetheless may provide incentives for our trading partners to agree to enforceable environmental obligations, elevate the political prominence of environmental issues, and build institutional. Third, environmental reviews of trade agreements offer the potential to identify likely domestic, transboundary, and global environmental effects of the trade agreement in time to have those effects reflected in the negotiations themselves, as well as to identify priority areas for environmental cooperation among parties after the trade agreement is ratified. Put together, these three channels of influence have made the current Administration surprisingly active in using trade policy as a lever for improving international environmental protection. More generally, the institutional conditions now in place will push future Administrations to do at least as much, if not more, in reconciling trade liberalization with environmental protection. |
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