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Knowing When to Be An Honest Broker: Impartiality and Third-Party Support for Peace Implementation After Civil Wars
Unformatted Document Text:  29 impartial actor – the UN – as the principal third party responsible for supporting implementation of the agreement. The only case that defies theoretical expectations is Tajikistan’s 1997 General Agreement, which was enforced by a third party – the CIS/Russia – that was strongly biased in favor of the incumbent government. Table 4: Relationship Between Commitment Problem Type, Intervention Strategy & Type of Intervener Intervention Strategy Commitment Problem Type Monitoring & Verification Protection / Separation / Enforcement Symmetric Angola I (UN/impartial) Cambodia (UN/impartial) Mozambique (UN/impartial) Namibia (UN/impartial) Croatia I (UN/impartial) Rwanda (UN/impartial) Tajikistan (CIS/biased) Asymmetric Angola II (UN/impartial) Croatia II (UN/impartial) El Salvador (UN/impartial) Guatemala (UN/impartial) Nicaragua (UN/impartial) Bosnia (NATO/biased) Georgia-Abk. (CIS/biased) Georgia-S.Oss. (Russia/biased) Liberia (ECOWAS/biased) Moldova (Russia/biased) Note: Confirming cases are marked in bold.

Authors: Schmidt, Holger.
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29
impartial actor – the UN – as the principal third party responsible for supporting
implementation of the agreement. The only case that defies theoretical expectations is
Tajikistan’s 1997 General Agreement, which was enforced by a third party – the
CIS/Russia – that was strongly biased in favor of the incumbent government.
Table 4: Relationship Between Commitment Problem Type, Intervention Strategy &
Type of Intervener
Intervention Strategy
Commitment
Problem Type
Monitoring & Verification
Protection / Separation /
Enforcement
Symmetric
Angola I (UN/impartial)
Cambodia (UN/impartial)
Mozambique (UN/impartial)
Namibia (UN/impartial)

Croatia I (UN/impartial)
Rwanda (UN/impartial)
Tajikistan (CIS/biased)
Asymmetric

Angola II (UN/impartial)
Croatia II (UN/impartial)
El Salvador (UN/impartial)
Guatemala (UN/impartial)
Nicaragua (UN/impartial)
Bosnia (NATO/biased)
Georgia-Abk. (CIS/biased)
Georgia-S.Oss. (Russia/biased)
Liberia (ECOWAS/biased)
Moldova (Russia/biased)
Note: Confirming cases are marked in bold.


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