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impartial actor – the UN – as the principal third party responsible for supporting
implementation of the agreement. The only case that defies theoretical expectations is
Tajikistan’s 1997 General Agreement, which was enforced by a third party – the
CIS/Russia – that was strongly biased in favor of the incumbent government.
Table 4: Relationship Between Commitment Problem Type, Intervention Strategy &
Type of Intervener
Intervention Strategy
Commitment
Problem Type
Monitoring & Verification
Protection / Separation /
Enforcement
Symmetric
Angola I (UN/impartial)
Cambodia (UN/impartial)
Mozambique (UN/impartial)
Namibia (UN/impartial)
Croatia I (UN/impartial)
Rwanda (UN/impartial)
Tajikistan (CIS/biased)
Asymmetric
Angola II (UN/impartial)
Croatia II (UN/impartial)
El Salvador (UN/impartial)
Guatemala (UN/impartial)
Nicaragua (UN/impartial)
Bosnia (NATO/biased)
Georgia-Abk. (CIS/biased)
Georgia-S.Oss. (Russia/biased)
Liberia (ECOWAS/biased)
Moldova (Russia/biased)
Note: Confirming cases are marked in bold.