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Draining the Sea, or Feeding the Fire?: The Use of Forced Migration in Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency Operations |
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Abstract:
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There exists a widespread perception that the recurrent and cascading episodes of ethnic cleansing witnessed in the Balkans in the 1990s represented something new and novel. However, the uncomfortable fact is that both states and non-state actors have long utilized population displacement as a tactical weapon against their adversaries. In the context of counter-insurgency operations, states have been particularly prone to use “regroupment camps” or “strategic hamlets” in order to—in Mao’s terms—“drain the sea” of water (civilians) to expose and kill the fish (guerrillas). Nevertheless, despite the frequency of its employment, the historical evidence on the efficacy of regroupment as a tactical weapon in counterinsurgency operations is mixed at best. In fact, evidence suggests that—except under a very circumscribed set of conditions—the long-term political and military costs of using population regroupment as a tool of counter-insurgency tend to outweigh the short-term military benefits. In fact, while there have been some noteworthy relocation successes—e.g., the British in Malaya in the q950s—more often than not, population relocation schemes actually backfire, galvanizing support for insurgents rather than their opponents.
Drawing upon existing literatures on social revolutions, foreign policy decision-making, and behavioral psychology—as well as evidence from myriad counterinsurgency operations since the start of the 20th century—this paper offers two sets of hypotheses. One set seeks to explain why population relocation remains a common feature of counter-insurgency operations, despite its problematic track record. A second set proposes an explanation as to why—and under what conditions—population relocation schemes will succeed or fail in their objectives. Historical cases examined include the Boer War, the Malaya Emergency, the Mau Mau Revolt, the Huk Rebellion, the French-Algerian War, the Vietnam War, and the wars for Angola and Mozambique. More contemporary cases are also examined, including recent or ongoing civil conflicts in Guatemala, Burundi, and Kurdistan. |
Most Common Document Word Stems:
insurg (6), popul (5), oper (5), set (4), reloc (4), counter (4), war (4), counter-insurg (4), state (3), paper (3), evid (3), fact (3), term (3), regroup (3), counterinsurg (2), drain (2), kgrnhill@stanford.edu (2), author (2), exist (2), condit (2), suggest (2), |
Author's Keywords:
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counter-insurgency, resettlement, regroupment, civil wars, refugees, forced migration, low-intensity conflict,
hearts-and-minds, coercion |
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Association:
Name: International Studies Association
URL: http://www.isanet.org
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Citation:
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MLA Citation:
| Greenhill, Kelly. "Draining the Sea, or Feeding the Fire?: The Use of Forced Migration in Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency Operations" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mar 17, 2004 <Not Available>. 2009-05-26 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p73842_index.html> |
APA Citation:
| Greenhill, K. M. , 2004-03-17 "Draining the Sea, or Feeding the Fire?: The Use of Forced Migration in Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency Operations" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-26 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p73842_index.html |
Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: There exists a widespread perception that the recurrent and cascading episodes of ethnic cleansing witnessed in the Balkans in the 1990s represented something new and novel. However, the uncomfortable fact is that both states and non-state actors have long utilized population displacement as a tactical weapon against their adversaries. In the context of counter-insurgency operations, states have been particularly prone to use “regroupment camps” or “strategic hamlets” in order to—in Mao’s terms—“drain the sea” of water (civilians) to expose and kill the fish (guerrillas). Nevertheless, despite the frequency of its employment, the historical evidence on the efficacy of regroupment as a tactical weapon in counterinsurgency operations is mixed at best. In fact, evidence suggests that—except under a very circumscribed set of conditions—the long-term political and military costs of using population regroupment as a tool of counter-insurgency tend to outweigh the short-term military benefits. In fact, while there have been some noteworthy relocation successes—e.g., the British in Malaya in the q950s—more often than not, population relocation schemes actually backfire, galvanizing support for insurgents rather than their opponents.
Drawing upon existing literatures on social revolutions, foreign policy decision-making, and behavioral psychology—as well as evidence from myriad counterinsurgency operations since the start of the 20th century—this paper offers two sets of hypotheses. One set seeks to explain why population relocation remains a common feature of counter-insurgency operations, despite its problematic track record. A second set proposes an explanation as to why—and under what conditions—population relocation schemes will succeed or fail in their objectives. Historical cases examined include the Boer War, the Malaya Emergency, the Mau Mau Revolt, the Huk Rebellion, the French-Algerian War, the Vietnam War, and the wars for Angola and Mozambique. More contemporary cases are also examined, including recent or ongoing civil conflicts in Guatemala, Burundi, and Kurdistan. |
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| Document Type: |
.PDF |
| Page count: |
2 |
| Word count: |
358 |
| Text sample: |
| DRAINING THE SEA OR FEEDING THE FIRE?: FORCED MIGRATION IN INSURGENCY AND COUNTER-INSURGENCY OPERATIONS Kelly M. Greenhill Stanford University kgrnhill@stanford.edu There exists a widespread perception that the recurrent and cascading episodes of ethnic cleansing witnessed in the Balkans in the 1990s represented something new and novel. However the uncomfortable fact is that both states and non-state actors have long utilized population displacement as a tactical weapon against their adversaries. In the context of counter-insurgency operations states have been particularly |
| of counter-insurgency operations despite its problematic track record. A second set proposes an explanation as to why—and under what conditions—population relocation schemes will succeed or fail in their objectives. Historical cases examined include the Boer War the Malaya Emergency the Mau Mau Revolt the Huk Rebellion the French- Algerian War the Vietnam War and the wars for Angola and Mozambique. More contemporary cases are also examined including recent or ongoing civil conflicts in Guatemala Burundi and Kurdistan. Copies of |
Similar Titles:
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