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Association: Name: The Midwest Political Science Association URL: http://www.indiana.edu/~mpsa/
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p82764_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Apollon, Dominique. "Toxic Waste Permits and the Impactof Grassroots Political Activity: The Triumphs and Limits of theEnvironmental Justice Movement" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois, Apr 15, 2004 <Not Available>. 2009-05-26 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p82764_index.html>

Apollon, D. D. , 2004-04-15 "Toxic Waste Permits and the Impactof Grassroots Political Activity: The Triumphs and Limits of theEnvironmental Justice Movement" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-26 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p82764_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Review Method: Peer Reviewed Abstract: My paper seeks to answer two major questions about the impact of grassroots political activity. Against what types of political targets can active communities expect to enjoy success? And are policy outcomes influenced by the racial / ethnic composition of the active community? I seek to answer these central questions in the context of the politics of environmental justice in California – specifically, the grassroots political activity directed against the siting, production, and management of federally regulated (RCRA) toxic wastes in or near residential communities. Principally, my analysis rests and builds upon the theoretical frameworks concerning the nature and scope of political struggles, economic theories of path dependence, and the dynamics of social and protest movements. With its roots in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the Anti-Toxics Movement of the 1970s, and an increasing number of both national and local studies finding both race and then income to be the most powerful predictors of the presence of toxic wastes in a community, the Environmental Justice Movement emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s with a surge of grassroots momentum. Over the course of the last decade, the result was a loosely connected conglomeration of local, grassroots community organizations and their legal advocates, among whose primary objectives was and remains, to alleviate and/or eliminate the disproportionate burden of toxic wastes shouldered by communities of color and low-income populations. The subsequent journalist, activist, and scholarly attention devoted to these grassroots efforts often chose to highlight certain celebrated battlegrounds of Environmental Justice Movement success (e.g., Kettleman City, CA and the Mothers of East Los Angeles in Vernon, CA), in which heavily-burdened racial and ethnic minority communities successfully prevented the construction of additional toxic waste-burning facilities near their residential areas. These studies, however, have thus far failed to provide a clear understanding for how generalizable these triumphant examples were, and how they compare to majority white communities that faced comparable industry foes. Using an original data set of newspaper content analysis of grassroots political activity from 1988 – 1999 in the state of California created for my completed Ph.D. dissertation work, as well as Environmental Protection Agency data on the granting or denial of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permits required by federal law to operate toxic waste facilities, this paper seeks to fill this gap in the literature by providing a broad view of which communities shouldered a disproportionate share of the “toxic burden”, and which communities were indeed able to stifle the flow of toxins into their residential areas.

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