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Race in the Ontology of North-South Relations
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and integral to a theoretical and historical understanding of the form of the sovereign state (see Rosenberg 1994, Teschke 2003). However, the centrality of racialised dispossession in the social property relations of global capitalism has not been addressed by these scholars.
33
The term ‘racial ideology’ is used here to refer to all ideologies which distinguish a hierarchy of peoples, whether or not
the conceptual core of the ideology is explicitly articulated in terms of ‘race’. Thus in this paper ideologies referring to civilised and uncivilised peoples are considered to be racial ideologies.
34
Williams, R. A. 1990, 6.
35
Harris 1993, 4.
36
As Tomlins relates, “To colonize means, fundamentally, to appropriate, to take possession. What is appropriated varies. In
the Americas, the Spanish appropriated metallic wealth and an indigenous population to extract it. The Dutch appropriated routes, connections, to sustain commerce. The English appropriated territory, which required that they find ways either of sharing it with a pre-existing population or of depopulating it – mostly the latter.” Tomlins 2001, 26.
37
See Stannard 1992, Bley 1971, Drechsler 1980, Silvester and Gewald 2003, McFarlane 2002, Madley 2004.
38
Williams, R. A. 1990, 8.
39
see
Anghie 1996
, Williams, R. A. 1990, Muldoon 1994, Pagden 1995, Bessis 2003 chapter 1
40
See Pagden 1995, Williams, R. A. 1990.
41
Blackburn 1997: 103-106, Boxer 1969: 228-9.
42
de Zurara 1973 (1453-4): 73, cited in Blackburn 1997: 105-6.
43
Blackburn 1997: 117.
44
Paul 2000, 51. He later continues: “The barbarism employed by Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and other European
Nations to subjugate the Amerindian peoples during colonial times, and by the countries they begot in the Americas as a result of colonization, probably exceeds, or at the very minimum equals, the barbaric performances of the twentieth-century regimes of Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union combined. Like the people who suffered horribly under those regimes, Amerindians at various times and places over the past five hundred years were imprisoned and executed without trial or recourse, enslaved, tortured, relocated without consent, treated as inferior human beings, subjected to deliberate genocide, and demonized by monstrous lies; children were removed from families, properties were confiscated by the state without compensation, cultures were destroyed and so on.” p. 61.
45
Bessis 2003: 15; see also Blackburn 1997: 132.
46
Stannard 1992.
47
Stannard 1992, Paul 2000.
48
See Blackburn 1997: 135-137, 150-151, 155-6. Blackburn notes that although some works of Jesuit priests critical of the
excesses of slavery and slave trade, such as Bartolomé de Albornoz and Alonso de Sandoval, were not widely read, in contrast “The writings of Las Casas had a huge impact, being translated into most European languages – especially Dutch, German, English and French – and becoming, after the Bible, a bestseller.” (1997: 156).
49
Blackburn 1997, Anghie 1996.
50
See Anghie 1996.
51
Franciscus de Victoria, De Indis Et Ivre Belli Relectione (1557), Ernest Nys and John Pawley Bate, trans. rpt. 1917,
Carnegie Institute of Washington., para. 407, p. 161., cited in Anghie 2006.
52
Blackburn 1997: 167-8.
53
P. Jorge Villalba, ‘Una República de Trabajadores Negros en las Minas de Zaruma en el Siglo XVI’, in P. Rafael Savoia,
ed., El Negro en la Historia, Quito 1990, pp. 121-5, cited in Blackburn 1997: 152.
54
Gossett 1963, 30, cited in Harris 1993, 1718. See also Wood 2005.
55
Wood 2005, 29.
56
The classic work of Eric Williams in examining the relationship between slavery and the primitive accumulation central
to the rise of capitalism (Williams, E. 1987) has been complemented by the major and rigorous scholarship of Joseph Inikori, who demonstrates the centrality of African slave labour in the Americas to the rise of industrial capitalism in Europe (Inikori 2002).
57
Arneil 1996, 46.
58
Hyma, A., 1942, The Dutch in the Far East, Ann Arbor, p. vi, cited in Arneil 1996, 46. See also Grovogui 1996, 56-61,
Krishna 2001.
59
Arneil 1996, 7.
60
Tomlins 2001, 32.
61
‘First Charter of Virginia, 1606’, in Francis Newton Thorpe (comp.), The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial
Charters, and other Organic laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies now or heretofore Forming the United States of America (repr. edn, Buffalo, NY, William S. Hein, 1993), Vol. VII, pp. 3783-9, cited in Tomlins 2001, 32.
62
Tomlins 2001, 33.
63
Tomlins 2001, 32-4.
64
Arneil 1996, 18.
65
See Evans et al. 2003 chapters 3 and 6; Reynolds 1996, chapter 1 ‘Terra Nullius and Sovereignty’; McFarlane 2002, Frost
1990, Buchan and Heath 2006.
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and integral to a theoretical and historical understanding of the form of the sovereign state (see Rosenberg 1994, Teschke
2003). However, the centrality of racialised dispossession in the social property relations of global capitalism has not been
addressed by these scholars.
33
The term ‘racial ideology’ is used here to refer to all ideologies which distinguish a hierarchy of peoples, whether or not
the conceptual core of the ideology is explicitly articulated in terms of ‘race’. Thus in this paper ideologies referring to
civilised and uncivilised peoples are considered to be racial ideologies.
34
Williams, R. A. 1990, 6.
35
Harris 1993, 4.
36
As Tomlins relates, “To colonize means, fundamentally, to appropriate, to take possession. What is appropriated varies. In
the Americas, the Spanish appropriated metallic wealth and an indigenous population to extract it. The Dutch appropriated
routes, connections, to sustain commerce. The English appropriated territory, which required that they find ways either of
sharing it with a pre-existing population or of depopulating it – mostly the latter.” Tomlins 2001, 26.
37
See Stannard 1992, Bley 1971, Drechsler 1980, Silvester and Gewald 2003, McFarlane 2002, Madley 2004.
38
Williams, R. A. 1990, 8.
39
see
Anghie 1996
, Williams, R. A. 1990, Muldoon 1994, Pagden 1995, Bessis 2003 chapter 1
40
See Pagden 1995, Williams, R. A. 1990.
41
Blackburn 1997: 103-106, Boxer 1969: 228-9.
42
de Zurara 1973 (1453-4): 73, cited in Blackburn 1997: 105-6.
43
Blackburn 1997: 117.
44
Paul 2000, 51. He later continues: “The barbarism employed by Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and other European
Nations to subjugate the Amerindian peoples during colonial times, and by the countries they begot in the Americas as a
result of colonization, probably exceeds, or at the very minimum equals, the barbaric performances of the twentieth-century
regimes of Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union combined. Like the people who suffered horribly under those
regimes, Amerindians at various times and places over the past five hundred years were imprisoned and executed without
trial or recourse, enslaved, tortured, relocated without consent, treated as inferior human beings, subjected to deliberate
genocide, and demonized by monstrous lies; children were removed from families, properties were confiscated by the state
without compensation, cultures were destroyed and so on.” p. 61.
45
Bessis 2003: 15; see also Blackburn 1997: 132.
46
Stannard 1992.
47
Stannard 1992, Paul 2000.
48
See Blackburn 1997: 135-137, 150-151, 155-6. Blackburn notes that although some works of Jesuit priests critical of the
excesses of slavery and slave trade, such as Bartolomé de Albornoz and Alonso de Sandoval, were not widely read, in
contrast “The writings of Las Casas had a huge impact, being translated into most European languages – especially Dutch,
German, English and French – and becoming, after the Bible, a bestseller.” (1997: 156).
49
Blackburn 1997, Anghie 1996.
50
See Anghie 1996.
51
Franciscus de Victoria, De Indis Et Ivre Belli Relectione (1557), Ernest Nys and John Pawley Bate, trans. rpt. 1917,
Carnegie Institute of Washington., para. 407, p. 161., cited in Anghie 2006.
52
Blackburn 1997: 167-8.
53
P. Jorge Villalba, ‘Una República de Trabajadores Negros en las Minas de Zaruma en el Siglo XVI’, in P. Rafael Savoia,
ed., El Negro en la Historia, Quito 1990, pp. 121-5, cited in Blackburn 1997: 152.
54
Gossett 1963, 30, cited in Harris 1993, 1718. See also Wood 2005.
55
Wood 2005, 29.
56
The classic work of Eric Williams in examining the relationship between slavery and the primitive accumulation central
to the rise of capitalism (Williams, E. 1987) has been complemented by the major and rigorous scholarship of Joseph
Inikori, who demonstrates the centrality of African slave labour in the Americas to the rise of industrial capitalism in
Europe (Inikori 2002).
57
Arneil 1996, 46.
58
Hyma, A., 1942, The Dutch in the Far East, Ann Arbor, p. vi, cited in Arneil 1996, 46. See also Grovogui 1996, 56-61,
Krishna 2001.
59
Arneil 1996, 7.
60
Tomlins 2001, 32.
61
‘First Charter of Virginia, 1606’, in Francis Newton Thorpe (comp.), The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial
Charters, and other Organic laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies now or heretofore Forming the United States of
America (repr. edn, Buffalo, NY, William S. Hein, 1993), Vol. VII, pp. 3783-9, cited in Tomlins 2001, 32.
62
Tomlins 2001, 33.
63
Tomlins 2001, 32-4.
64
Arneil 1996, 18.
65
See Evans et al. 2003 chapters 3 and 6; Reynolds 1996, chapter 1 ‘Terra Nullius and Sovereignty’; McFarlane 2002, Frost
1990, Buchan and Heath 2006.
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