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Association: Name: International Studies Association URL: http://www.isanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99149_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Raitasalo, Jyri. "From Pax Americana to Bellum Americanum ? The Role of the United States in the Changing Shared Western Understandings of War and Military Power in the Post-Cold War Era" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA, Mar 22, 2006 <Not Available>. 2009-05-25 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99149_index.html>

Raitasalo, J. , 2006-03-22 "From Pax Americana to Bellum Americanum ? The Role of the United States in the Changing Shared Western Understandings of War and Military Power in the Post-Cold War Era" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA <Not Available>. 2009-05-25 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99149_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: After the Second World War ? during the threat-penetrated years of the Cold War ? Pax Americana described the western take concerning the security situation in the international system. Under the cover of American nuclear umbrella and its overwhelming military power, the west had rather uniform shared understandings of war and the constitutive elements of military power. On both sides of the Atlantic, western governments conceptualized war mainly within the framework of massive mechanized forces clashing in a demarcated battlefield. Possible nuclear war loomed over this view of conventional war, although its consequences were unimaginable. The threatening enemy was the Soviet Union and its politico-military instrument ? the Warsaw Pact. With the end of the Cold War and the demise of the bipolar world order, (western) states were faced with a challenge: what were the constitutive rules of the international system à la post-Cold War era? With the old Soviet threat gone, the shared western conceptualisations of war and military power became challenged. Furthermore, the ?emergence? of new wars and the subsequent ?need? for humanitarian interventions added to the challenge faced by the warriors of the Cold War.The paper suggests that the post-Cold War era change in the shared western understandings of war and military power can be accessed through the analysis of the several discourses of war. These discourses have touched upon ?the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)?, ?new wars?, ?humanitarian interventions?, ?the privatization of war?, and ?the War on Terror?. Two of these post-Cold War era discourses have been explicitly formulated within the United States ? those concerning the Revolution in Military Affairs and the War on Terror ? and they have been used to redefine the shared western understandings of war and military power in the post-Cold War era on US terms. The American discourse concerning the Revolution in Military Affairs picked up speed in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf war. At the core of this discourse has been the idea of revolutionary change in the nature of war with the use of advanced military technologies combined with new military organisations and operational concepts. Within five years of its inception, RMA provided new momentum and guidelines for the development of US Armed Forces in a situation where the Soviet threat had evaporated and the ?essence? of traditional military confrontations had become questionable. During the late 1990s the US started to ?export? its RMA-conceptualisations, particularly within NATO. Also the lessons-learned from the military operations of the 1990s supported the view that modern technology is changing the nature of western warfare. Particularly Bosnia (1995) and Kosovo (1999) showcased the American preponderance in the field of techno-warfare.The other particularly American discourse of war during the post-Cold War era has been that of War on Terror. It has built upon the foundation of RMA ? changing the way America conceptualizes war in the post-Cold War era ? but has gone ?deeper?. It has rewritten the threats necessitating the preparations for war. Terrorist organisations and even individual terrorists have become adversaries in war on the side of states. In addition, the American discourse of War on Terror has proposed new rules of war ? unilateral and pre-emptive military action if necessary. Thus, while the RMA-discourse has focused mostly on the new requirements and capabilities of the armed forces, the discourse of War on Terror has embraced the institution of war more broadly. In a way the Cold War era maintenance and development of armed force in order to deter aggression (Pax Americana) has thus mutated into a more assertive use of military force in order to prevent threats from emanating and in order to arrive at valued outcomes (Bellum Americanum).The paper analyses the effects of these two above-mentioned discourses upon the shared western understandings of war and military power. This is done through the analysis of defence strategies within the contexts of NATO and the EU, in addition to the American promulgated visions of RMA and the post-9/11 declared War on Terror. The aim of the paper is to assess the mechanisms of rewriting war within the west after the Cold War and the ?successfulness? of the American attempts to redefine war on US terms.

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