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The Role of U.S. National Security Council in Managing The Middle East Crises (Suez Crisis 1956 and October War 1973)

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Abstract:

AbstractA primary concern of crisis management researchers is defining the characteristics of crisis events, and determining the quality of organization needed to achieve the best outcomes. This paper examines how the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations try to manage two foreign policy crises that burst in the Middle East, and provide a good example of how the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations formulated the U.S. foreign policy. In this paper I provide evidence to show that Eisenhower used NCS, and listen carefully to Dulles?s recommendation after the occurrence of Suez crisis, Eisenhower was at the centre of events. Nixon did not use NSC, but the secretary of state Kissinger was a main player actor in managing October war 1973 decision making process. IntroductionIt is difficult to determine who is responsible to make and implement decisions within the time of any crisis or more precisely at the moment of unexpected events. Nowadays, some Americans may worry about the increasing power of a few figures surrounding the presidency, about the nature of the relationship between the president and NSC, or about the way the staffs organizes the U.S. foreign policy agenda . Clearly, within the time of crisis few figures will be involved in the decision- making process. For example, ?A group of peripheral actors from other executive branch agencies become part of the advisory team.? This paper examines the role of the NSC in formulating foreign policy, using as example the two Middle East crises (Suez Crisis 1956 and October War 1973).This purpose of this paper is studying modern presidency, especially studying foreign policy making under Eisenhower and Nixon administrations, and how effectively a president manage crises. However, I can not make generalization about the aspect foreign policy decision-making by all U.S. presidents based on Suez crisis and October war.This paper is divided into three sections. In the first section I will employ the analytical framework considers the role of NSC under the president in framing the development of the organization structure of NSC, some aspects of NSC coordination during Eisenhower and Nixon. In the second section, I will examine the role of individuals (president or the role of National Security Advisor) within the time of two Middle East crises. In the final section, I will analyze two cases studies using the framework developed in the section one, the first case the Suez Crisis 1956 and the second case the October War 1973 to study the NSC performances within the framework of evaluation both of Eisenhower and Nixon?s decision making aspects in dealing with foreign policy crises.
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Name: International Studies Association
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http://www.isanet.org


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MLA Citation:

Singer, Ashraf. "The Role of U.S. National Security Council in Managing The Middle East Crises (Suez Crisis 1956 and October War 1973)" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA, Mar 22, 2006 <Not Available>. 2009-05-25 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99918_index.html>

APA Citation:

Singer, A. , 2006-03-22 "The Role of U.S. National Security Council in Managing The Middle East Crises (Suez Crisis 1956 and October War 1973)" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA <Not Available>. 2009-05-25 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99918_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: AbstractA primary concern of crisis management researchers is defining the characteristics of crisis events, and determining the quality of organization needed to achieve the best outcomes. This paper examines how the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations try to manage two foreign policy crises that burst in the Middle East, and provide a good example of how the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations formulated the U.S. foreign policy. In this paper I provide evidence to show that Eisenhower used NCS, and listen carefully to Dulles?s recommendation after the occurrence of Suez crisis, Eisenhower was at the centre of events. Nixon did not use NSC, but the secretary of state Kissinger was a main player actor in managing October war 1973 decision making process. IntroductionIt is difficult to determine who is responsible to make and implement decisions within the time of any crisis or more precisely at the moment of unexpected events. Nowadays, some Americans may worry about the increasing power of a few figures surrounding the presidency, about the nature of the relationship between the president and NSC, or about the way the staffs organizes the U.S. foreign policy agenda . Clearly, within the time of crisis few figures will be involved in the decision- making process. For example, ?A group of peripheral actors from other executive branch agencies become part of the advisory team.? This paper examines the role of the NSC in formulating foreign policy, using as example the two Middle East crises (Suez Crisis 1956 and October War 1973).This purpose of this paper is studying modern presidency, especially studying foreign policy making under Eisenhower and Nixon administrations, and how effectively a president manage crises. However, I can not make generalization about the aspect foreign policy decision-making by all U.S. presidents based on Suez crisis and October war.This paper is divided into three sections. In the first section I will employ the analytical framework considers the role of NSC under the president in framing the development of the organization structure of NSC, some aspects of NSC coordination during Eisenhower and Nixon. In the second section, I will examine the role of individuals (president or the role of National Security Advisor) within the time of two Middle East crises. In the final section, I will analyze two cases studies using the framework developed in the section one, the first case the Suez Crisis 1956 and the second case the October War 1973 to study the NSC performances within the framework of evaluation both of Eisenhower and Nixon?s decision making aspects in dealing with foreign policy crises.

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