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Association: Name: American Studies Association URL: http://www.theasa.net
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p103600_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Malka, Adam. "The Haitian Evolution: Emigration and Diasporan Consciousness in Nineteenth Century America" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association, <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p103600_index.html>

Malka, A. C. "The Haitian Evolution: Emigration and Diasporan Consciousness in Nineteenth Century America" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p103600_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: Between the summer of 1824 and the spring of 1825, thousands of African Americans abandoned their homes and sailed for new ones in Haiti. These emigrants’ story – the ideas with which they arrived, the hardships they endured, and the ambiguous role Haiti played in black consciousness after they left – not only complicates our understandings of freedom and blackness, but also reveals a level of intellectual complexity often overlooked by historians of these times and people. While emigration from the United States to Haiti is not unfamiliar to scholars of early African America, historians have generally analyzed the 1820s emigration as a precursor to the 1860s movement – a time when African Americans again considered Haiti as a potential destination. Such a temporal focus has led to an unnecessarily reliance upon the trope of black nationalism. By limiting their lens to nationalism’s appeal, scholars have ignored the nuanced ways black Americans understood their places within the wider diaspora. Taken on its own terms, the story of the 1820s movement illuminates some of the myriad ways African Americans responded to their places in the world. Malka’s paper argues that the inability of emigrants to integrate fully into Haiti’s culture and nation left an indelible mark on how some African Americans conceived of themselves in relation to Haitians. Emigrants’ conceptions of blackness were foiled along with the emigration, for in Haiti they not only confronted economic, environmental, and religious difficulties, but also an unfamiliar racial climate. In the wake of the tragedies that followed, black leaders – such as James Forten, Maria Stewart, and David Walker – continued to embrace Haiti’s inspirational dream of freedom even as they relinquished their aspirations to create a black nation there. Certain African Americans began to articulate, that is, a complex diasporan consciousness – one that encompassed both racial similarities and cultural differences between African-descended peoples in the Americas. By the dawn of the antebellum period, African Americans indeed counted themselves as members of a black diaspora. Yet many of these same men and women simultaneously saw themselves as uniquely American.

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