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Association: Name: International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention URL: http://www.isanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180230_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Glatz, Anne-Kathrin. "Norm Diffusion: Top-Down or Bottom-Up? Small Arms Norms in South Africa, El Salvador, and on the International Level" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago, CHICAGO, IL, USA, Feb 28, 2007 <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180230_index.html>

Glatz, A. , 2007-02-28 "Norm Diffusion: Top-Down or Bottom-Up? Small Arms Norms in South Africa, El Salvador, and on the International Level" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago, CHICAGO, IL, USA Online <APPLICATION/FORCE-DOWNLOAD>. 2009-05-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180230_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: This paper provides a critique of and an amendment to Risse and Sikkink?s ?spiral model? of international norm diffusion (Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, 1999) for the case of small arms norms. A comparison of norm development processes in the area of small arms control in South Africa and El Salvador shows that the model's basic assumption?international norms lead to domestic change?is not necessarily applicable to the area of small arms norms. The paper contends that small arms norm diffusion is an example of an earlier stage in the norm development process, at which national-level norms feed into international norm development. By contrast, human rights norms?the basis for Risse and Sikkink's model?had reached a much more mature stage in the 1990s, at which diffusion happens "top-down", i.e. from the international to the national level. In the case of South Africa, a relatively strong national norm (the Firearms Control Act of 2000) preceded, and arguably fed into, a weak norm on the international level (the UN Programme of Action of 2001). In El Salvador, small arms norm development was more complex: National legislation on firearms control was significantly revised in 1999, but was amended in 2002, possibly in response to international developments and thus marking a transition to a more mature stage of norm diffusion.The analysis focuses on a set of international small arms norms, including the UN Programme of Action, and national-level norms in South Africa and El Salvador. Processes of norm development on both the national and the international levels are traced on the basis of interviews with individuals from all stakeholder groups: civil society organizations, research bodies, pro-gun lobby groups, and governmental agencies, as well as printed material. A network-analytic perspective is applied to explain norm development. Whether a norm is developed and how strong it is then depends on which focal point in the network has the greatest density: the one around which those individuals working towards greater normative control are centered, or the one among those opposed to it.

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Cross-Actor Networks in Norm Development: The Case of Small Arms in South Africa