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Association: Name: International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention URL: http://www.isanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180781_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Lopez-Levy, Arturo. "Implementing the Inter American Democratic Charter: How the OAS Responded to the Democratic crises in Ecuador, Bolivia and Nicaragua in 2005" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago, CHICAGO, IL, USA, Feb 28, 2007 <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180781_index.html>

Lopez-Levy, A. E. , 2007-02-28 "Implementing the Inter American Democratic Charter: How the OAS Responded to the Democratic crises in Ecuador, Bolivia and Nicaragua in 2005" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago, CHICAGO, IL, USA Online <PDF>. 2009-05-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p180781_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: ABSTRACTDuring the nineties, the Organization of American States developed collective mechanisms for defending democracy in the western hemisphere. A process began with the declaration of Santiago, passed through the protocol of Washington and achieved a major watershed in the approval of the Inter American Democratic Charter in Lima, September 11, 2001. This institutional development represented a commitment to democratic constitutional continuity in the whole continent. The preservation of democracy was not anymore a question of internal jurisdiction of specific member states but an issue of hemispheric concerns. ]This paper discusses the implementation of the Inter American Democratic Charter to three specific cases of democratic crises that occurred in 2005: 1) The deposition of president Lucio Gutierrez of Ecuador in a combination of popular mobilization and impeachment by the National Congress after Gutierrez twice sacked out the highest judicial authorities of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal of Ecuador, 2) the resignation of president Carlos Mesa in Bolivia after massive mobilizations of civil society against his government; and 3) the invocation of the IADC by Nicaraguan president Enrique Bolanos under the assumption that democracy was at peril because the National Assembly, dominated by opposition parties (FSLN and PLC) passed constitutional reforms that significantly reduced his presidential prerogatives. The crises are discussed in the following framework: First, I discuss the sources and the development of the specific crisis and; Second, I concentrate on the OAS response to it. The central approach is to look at the building of a functioning democracy as a long term project, trying to understand not only the immediate sources of instability or the short term effects of the OAS intervention but also assessing the impact of the OAS response in the long term consolidation of democracy in the country and the wide effects of the intervention in the international regime and the norm of hemispheric democratic solidarity.Why is this analysis relevant? The crises in Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua seem to approach situations of democratic governance that the region would likely face in the next decade. During the 1990?s, the OAS developed a doctrine of democratic solidarity coherent with the prevailing interpretation of the non-intervention norm recognized in the OAS Charter. The Declaration of Santiago and the protocol of Washington clearly defined situations in which the hemispheric organization should react and how to react to situations of political upheaval in a state member. This refers essentially to cases of a military coup or a foreign military intervention. Short of these two extreme cases, any intervention was doctrinally questionable. The Inter American Democratic Charter expressed a continental consensus on supporting democracy beyond these extreme cases. The main disruptions of democratic consolidation in the region have its roots today in the explosive socioeconomic situations in some countries, the dysfunctional system of political parties and the low performance of courts, parliaments and other state institutions that make difficult the observance of the rule of law and the constitutional compliance with the balance of the public powers of the state.This paper analyzes the OAS responses to three crises of this kind, searching for common problems and lessons that can help international organizations, states and civil society groups to draw useful conclusions about the tools and methods to use in future situations.

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