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Explaining Race Differences in Academic Achievement: The Relative Contribution of Student, Peer, and School Characteristics

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Abstract:

This study disentangles the components of the academic achievement gap between black and white students in the fourth, seventh, and ninth grades. The data source is a unique administrative dataset that contains information on all students attending public school in North Carolina in 2000-2001. We draw from literature on racial disparities in education to formulate hypotheses regarding the pathways contributing to race differences in academic performance. We examine variations in the effects of student, school, and peer characteristics, and the extent to which race differences are due to distributions and to effects of these characteristics. The first set of analyses uses OLS regression to estimate race-specific models of performance on reading/English and math end-of-course tests. Decomposition methods are then applied to model estimates, in order to quantify the proportion of the race gap that is linked to the student, peer, and school composition of race groups, as well as the proportion that reflects their unequal risk of poor academic performance. Decomposition results indicate that race differences in family background characteristics explain the largest proportion of the gap attributable to compositional factors, followed by school organizational factors. We find, unexpectedly, that compositional differences in teacher quality and peer characteristics explain only a small portion of the race gap; in fact, their distribution across race groups actually serves to reduce the achievement gap. Even with the inclusion of multiple levels of predictor variables that vary in their distributions by race, a substantial portion of the achievement gap remains unexplained.

Most Common Document Word Stems:

school (124), student (120), grade (110), achiev (86), differ (80), gap (77), black (68), white (58), peer (45), educ (44), factor (44), race (42), teacher (40), characterist (38), effect (36), academ (33), explain (33), score (32), research (32), retain (31), studi (29),

Author's Keywords:

Achievement Gap, Race, Decomposition
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Name: American Sociological Association
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MLA Citation:

Muschkin, Clara. and Beck, Audrey. "Explaining Race Differences in Academic Achievement: The Relative Contribution of Student, Peer, and School Characteristics" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007 <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p183088_index.html>

APA Citation:

Muschkin, C. G. and Beck, A. N. , 2007-08-11 "Explaining Race Differences in Academic Achievement: The Relative Contribution of Student, Peer, and School Characteristics" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2009-05-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p183088_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This study disentangles the components of the academic achievement gap between black and white students in the fourth, seventh, and ninth grades. The data source is a unique administrative dataset that contains information on all students attending public school in North Carolina in 2000-2001. We draw from literature on racial disparities in education to formulate hypotheses regarding the pathways contributing to race differences in academic performance. We examine variations in the effects of student, school, and peer characteristics, and the extent to which race differences are due to distributions and to effects of these characteristics. The first set of analyses uses OLS regression to estimate race-specific models of performance on reading/English and math end-of-course tests. Decomposition methods are then applied to model estimates, in order to quantify the proportion of the race gap that is linked to the student, peer, and school composition of race groups, as well as the proportion that reflects their unequal risk of poor academic performance. Decomposition results indicate that race differences in family background characteristics explain the largest proportion of the gap attributable to compositional factors, followed by school organizational factors. We find, unexpectedly, that compositional differences in teacher quality and peer characteristics explain only a small portion of the race gap; in fact, their distribution across race groups actually serves to reduce the achievement gap. Even with the inclusion of multiple levels of predictor variables that vary in their distributions by race, a substantial portion of the achievement gap remains unexplained.

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Document Type: application/pdf
Page count: 20
Word count: 7397
Text sample:
Explaining Race Differences in Academic Achievement: The Relative Contribution of Student Peer and School Characteristics Clara G. Muschkin* Audrey N. Beck Center for Child and Family Policy Duke University Preliminary Draft (Incomplete): Please do not cite or quote. * Corresponding author: Duke University Box 90545 Durham NC 27708 muschkin@duke.edu. We gratefully acknowledge research support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse through the Duke University Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Introduction One of the driving forces behind school reform
Reciprocal Relations.” Annual Review of Sociology. 26:83-106. Thompson Charles L. and Sam D. O’Quinn III. 2001. “First in America Special Report: Eliminating the Black-White Achievement Gap.” NC Education Research Council. U.S. Department of Education 2006. How No Child Left Behind Benefits African Americans. Online http://www.ed.gov/nclb/accountability/achieve/nclb-aa.html Wolfe Wendy C. and Neil D. Fligstein. 1979. “Sex and Authority in the Workplace: The Causes of Sexual Inequality.” American Sociological Review 44: 235-252. Zirkel Sabrina. 2004. “What Will You Think of Me? Racial


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