Author's Keywords: Race, Racial Boundaries; Puerto Rico; U.S. Imperialism; Classification	Convention All Academic Convention can solve the abstract management needs for any association's annual meeting. Submission - Custom fields, multiple submission types, tracks, audio visual, multiple upload formats, automatic conversion to pdf. Review - Peer Review, Bulk reviewer assignment, bulk emails, ranking, z-score statistics, and multiple worksheets! Reports - Many standard and custom reports generated while you wait. Print programs with participant indexes, event grids, and more! Scheduling - Flexible and convenient grid scheduling within rooms and buildings. Conflict checking and advanced filtering. Communication - Bulk email tools to help your administrators send reminders and responses. Use form letters, a message center, and much more! Management - Search tools, duplicate people management, editing tools, submission transfers, many tools to manage a variety of conference management headaches! Click here for more information.
Association: Name: American Sociological Association URL: http://www.asanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p184209_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Loveman, Mara. and Muniz, Jeronimo. "How Puerto Rico Became White: U.S. Imperialism, Puerto Rican Nationalism, and Shifting Racial Boundaries in the Early Twentieth Century" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 10, 2007 <Not Available>. 2009-05-24 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p184209_index.html>

Loveman, M. and Muniz, J. , 2007-08-10 "How Puerto Rico Became White: U.S. Imperialism, Puerto Rican Nationalism, and Shifting Racial Boundaries in the Early Twentieth Century" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2009-05-24 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p184209_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Abstract: According to official census results, the Puerto Rican population became significantly whiter in the first half of the twentieth century. From about 62 percent of the population in 1899, the white share of the island�s population rose to nearly 80 percent by 1950. Social scientists and historians have long speculated about the source of this trend, but until now available data did not permit competing hypotheses of Puerto Rico�s whitening to be subjected to empirical test. Using newly available public use samples of Puerto Rican censuses, this paper considers three possible explanations for the statistical observation of an increasingly white Puerto Rican population: (1) demographic trends, (2) official Census Office procedures, and (3) changing social definitions of who is white. Focusing on the most intensive decade of whitening in Puerto Rico�s history, 1910-1920, the paper demonstrates that demographic trends contributed to the whitening of Puerto Rico, while official Census Office procedures worked to mitigate the magnitude of whitening rather than contributing to it. Puerto Rico became white in the early twentieth century primarily through racial reclassification driven by an expanding social definition of whiteness itself. The expansion of the social boundary demarcating whiteness, in turn, was spurred by Puerto Rican nationalist reaction to U.S. imperial rule.

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