Offices as the unit of analysis allows the systematic comparison of constituencies to their
representatives.
Methods and Data
This study will present empirical evidence toward answering if the racial characteristics
of staffers influences the policy decisions of Members. The Congressional Management
Foundation’s 2004 House Staff Employment Study provides the data used in this analysis (CMF
2004). The study culled a sample of 211 offices in the House of Representatives. The survey
gathered data on several traits of Members’ personal staffs including basic demographic data.
All full time and part time staff employees, both in DC and in the district, were included in the
survey. Interns were not included. Data on the racial demographics of Congressional districts
was pulled from Congressional Districts in the 2000s (CQ Press 2003) which used 2000 US
Census data updated for the 2004 Congressional districts.
Data on the race of Members was
gathered from LexisNexis Congressional.
Four different measures of roll call votes in Congress were used in this study; legislator
scorecards produced by the Leadership Council on Civil Rights (LCCR), Americans for
Democratic Action (ADA) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), and DW-NOMINATE first dimension scores.
These measures are commonly used
in studies on racial representation and roll call voting (see Grose 2005, Canon 1999, Whitby
staff, and the Members themselves to conceptualize House offices. Committee staffs do not have a defined
constituency making them inappropriate to demonstrate how electoral constraints and Member attention impact the
diversity of staff. Swain (1995) and Canon (1999) explored black staff representation in DC offices. Grose,
Mangum, and Martin (forthcoming 2007) explored black staff representation in district offices. No study has yet
examined the whole office as I define it or explored staff racial representation beyond black representation.
3
The U.S. Census data for the 2004 Congressional districts, the 108
th
Congress, can be found on the Census
Bureau’s website: www.census.gov
4
2006. “Member Profile Reports”: Congressional Information Service, Inc.
5
DW-NOMINATE scores are a useful measure of the one-dimensional ideologies of Members, see Poole and
Rosenthal (1997).