Leymon 24
REFERENCES
Albonetti, Celesta. A. 1997. "Sentencing Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Effects of Defendant
Characteristics, Guilty Pleas, and Departures on Sentence Outcomes for Drug Offenses, 1991-1992." Law
& Society Review 31:789-822.
Alexander Rudolph and Jacquelyn Gyamerah. 1997. "Differential Punishing of African Americans and Whites Who
Possess Drugs - A Just Policy or A Continuation of the Past?" Journal of Black Studies 28:97-111.
Arvanites, Thomas M. and Martin A. Asher. 1998. "State and Country Incarceration Rates: The Direct and Indirect
Effects of Race and Inequality." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57:207-221.
Baum, Dan. 1997. Smoke and mirrors : the war on drugs and the politics of failure. Boston: Back Bay Books.
Beckett, Katherine, Kris Nyrop, Lori Pfingst, and Melissa Bowen. 2005. "Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the
question of race: Lessons from Seattle." Social Problems 52:419-441.
Beck, Nathanial and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. "What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data."
American Political Science Review 89:634-647.
Berndt, Brooks. 2003. "Ritual and Racism: A Social-Historical Analysis of the Crack Sentencing Guidelines."
Crime Law and Social Change 39:175-192.
Blumer, Herbert. 1958. "Race Prejudice as a sense of Group Position." Pacific Sociological Review 1:3-7.
Boerner, David and Roxanne Lieb. 2001. "Sentencing Reform in the Other Washington." Crime and Justice: A
Review of Research, Vol 28 28:71-136.
Bureau of Justice Assistance. 1996. National Survey of Sate Sentencing Structures. Wahingtion, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice
Brewer, David, Gerald E. Beckett, and Norman Holt. 1981. "Determinate Sentencing in California the 1St Years
Experience." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18:200-231.
Clarke, James W. 1998. "Without Fear or Shame: Lynching, Capital Punishment and the Subculture of Violence in
the American South." British Journal of Political Science 28:269-289.
Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black, living in the red : race, wealth, and social policy in America. Berkeley, Calif.:
University of California Press.
Dalessio, Stewart J. and Lisa Stolzenberg. 1995. "The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on Jail Incarceration in
Minnesota." Criminology 33:283-302.
Doob, Anthony N. 2000. "Transforming the Punishment Environment: Understanding Public Views of What Should
be Accomplished at Sentencing." Canadian Journal of Criminology-Revue Canadienne De Criminologie
42:323-340.
Engen, Rodney L. and Randy R. Gainey. 2000. "Modeling the Effects of Legally Relevant and Extralegal Factors
Under Sentencing Guidelines: The Rules Have Changed." Criminology 38:1207-1229.
Engen, Rodney L., Randy R. Gainey, Robert D. Crutchfield, and Jodeph G. Weis. 2003. "Discretion and Disparity
Under Sentencing Guidelines: The Role of Departures and Structured Sentencing Alternatives."
Criminology 41:99-130.
Engen, Rodney L. and Sara Steen. 2000. "The Power to Punish: Discretion and Sentencing Reform in the War on
Drugs." American Journal of Sociology 105:1357-1395.
England, Paula, Barbara S. Kilbourne, George Farkas, and Thomas Dou. 1988. "Explaining Occupational Sex
Segregation and Wages - Findings from a Model with Fixed Effects." American Sociological Review
53:544-558.
Frase, Richard S. 2005. "State Sentencing Guidelines: Diversity, Consensus, and Unresolved Policy Issues."
Columbia Law Review 105:1190-1232.
Frase, Richard S. 1995. "State Sentencing Guidelines - Still Going Strong." Judicature
78:173-180.
Gainey, Randy R., Sara Steen, and Rodney L. Engen. 2005. "Exercising Options: An Assessment of the Use of
Alternative Sanctions for Drug Offenders." Justice Quarterly 22:488-520.
Gorton, Joe and John L. Boies. 1999. "Sentencing Guidelines and Racial Disparity Across Time: Pennsylvania
Prison Sentences in 1977, 1983, 1992, and 1993." Social Science Quarterly 80:37-54.
Griset, Pamala L. 1995. "Determinate Sentencing and Agenda Building - a Case-Study of the Failure of a Reform."
Journal of Criminal Justice 23:349-362.
—. 1996. "Determinate Sentencing and Administrative Discretion Over Time Served in Prison: A Case Study of
Florida." Crime & Delinquency 42:127-143.
Halaby, Charles N. 2004. “Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice.” Annual Review of
Sociology 30: 507-544.
Hamid, Ansley. 1998. Drugs in America: Sociology, Economics and Politics. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publications.