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"Fixed" Sentencing Reforms: The Effect on the Racial Composition of Imprisonment Rates Over Time
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Leymon 29
Table 2. Distribution of Sentencing Types Across the United States as of 2005
State
Year of
inception
Presumptive
Voluntary
Utah
1979
1979-Present
Alaska
1980
1980-Present
Minnesota
1980
1980-Present
Pennsylvania
1982
1982-Present
Maryland
1983
1983-Present
Florida
1983
1995-Present 1983-1994
Michigan
1984
1984-Present
Washington
1984
1984-Present
Wisconsin
1985
1985-1995
Delaware
1987
1987-Present
Oregon
1989
1989-Present
Tennessee
1989
1989-Present
Virginia
1991
1991-Present
Louisiana
1992
1992-Present
Kansas
1993
1993-Present
Arkansas
1994
1994-Present
North Carolina
1994
1994-Present
Ohio
1996
1996-Present
Missouri
1997
1997-Present
Note: Table 2 represents the current sentencing type used by each state as of 2005. Presumptive refers to states that have implemented mandatory sentencing guidelines. Voluntary refers to states that have sentencing guidelines as formal recommendations, but do not require their use. All other states incorporate indeterminate Sentencing, which refers to states that have open sentencing ranges. In addition to the states that had already implemented sentencing guidelines, six states (MA, OK, GA, SC, NM) were considering their implementation (Frase 2005).
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Leymon 29
Table 2. Distribution of Sentencing Types Across the United
States as of 2005
State
Year of
inception
Presumptive
Voluntary
Utah
1979
1979-Present
Alaska
1980
1980-Present
Minnesota
1980
1980-Present
Pennsylvania
1982
1982-Present
Maryland
1983
1983-Present
Florida
1983
1995-Present 1983-1994
Michigan
1984
1984-Present
Washington
1984
1984-Present
Wisconsin
1985
1985-1995
Delaware
1987
1987-Present
Oregon
1989
1989-Present
Tennessee
1989
1989-Present
Virginia
1991
1991-Present
Louisiana
1992
1992-Present
Kansas
1993
1993-Present
Arkansas
1994
1994-Present
North Carolina
1994
1994-Present
Ohio
1996
1996-Present
Missouri
1997
1997-Present
Note: Table 2 represents the current sentencing type used by
each state as of 2005. Presumptive refers to states that have
implemented mandatory sentencing guidelines. Voluntary
refers to states that have sentencing guidelines as formal
recommendations, but do not require their use. All other states
incorporate indeterminate Sentencing, which refers to states that
have open sentencing ranges. In addition to the states that had
already implemented sentencing guidelines, six states (MA, OK,
GA, SC, NM) were considering their implementation
(Frase 2005).
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