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The Case against Chinese Exceptionalism: Confucian Culture and the Use of Force

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Abstract:

The call for a Chinese school of international relations arises from the alleged inability of existing theories to explain the Chinese experience—China’s Confucian culture has produced a fundamentally different experience from that of the West. The central question of this article is thus: To what extent does Confucian culture influence China’s use of military force against external security threats? By examining Song China’s relations with the Liao empire during the crucial years of 960-1005, I argue that, despite having a pacifist Confucian culture, China has been acting like a realist power in Asia, expanding its political and military interests as its power grew. By doing so, this article makes the case against Chinese exceptionalism. Chinese use of force was rooted in the structure of the system; culture played a supplementary role in China’s military policy. Despite having different cultures, the Chinese experience was no less different from that of the West: both were driven by the anarchic structure of the system. I consult primary documents in the Chinese archives, supplemented by secondary literature, and examine the decision-making process leading up to the use or non-use of force. Contrary to what is widely believed, China had behaved according to the dictates of structural realism. It had preferred to use force to resolve external threats to Chinese security, adopted a more offensive posture as its power grew, and expanded war aims in the absence of systemic or military constraints. In the end, Western IR theory does a reasonably good job of explaining the Chinese experience. There is little need for a Chinese school of international relations.

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song (224), china (165), liao (159), chines (150), militari (121), cultur (121), confucian (91), would (80), theori (71), war (69), power (64), state (62), emperor (60), strateg (59), use (58), forc (56), ir (53), realism (51), school (49), relat (49), peac (47),

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Confucianism, strategic culture, Chinese School, realism, China
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Name: APSA 2008 Annual Meeting
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Wang, Yuan-kang. "The Case against Chinese Exceptionalism: Confucian Culture and the Use of Force" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Aug 28, 2008 <Not Available>. 2009-05-23 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p280280_index.html>

APA Citation:

Wang, Y. , 2008-08-28 "The Case against Chinese Exceptionalism: Confucian Culture and the Use of Force" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2009-05-23 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p280280_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The call for a Chinese school of international relations arises from the alleged inability of existing theories to explain the Chinese experience—China’s Confucian culture has produced a fundamentally different experience from that of the West. The central question of this article is thus: To what extent does Confucian culture influence China’s use of military force against external security threats? By examining Song China’s relations with the Liao empire during the crucial years of 960-1005, I argue that, despite having a pacifist Confucian culture, China has been acting like a realist power in Asia, expanding its political and military interests as its power grew. By doing so, this article makes the case against Chinese exceptionalism. Chinese use of force was rooted in the structure of the system; culture played a supplementary role in China’s military policy. Despite having different cultures, the Chinese experience was no less different from that of the West: both were driven by the anarchic structure of the system. I consult primary documents in the Chinese archives, supplemented by secondary literature, and examine the decision-making process leading up to the use or non-use of force. Contrary to what is widely believed, China had behaved according to the dictates of structural realism. It had preferred to use force to resolve external threats to Chinese security, adopted a more offensive posture as its power grew, and expanded war aims in the absence of systemic or military constraints. In the end, Western IR theory does a reasonably good job of explaining the Chinese experience. There is little need for a Chinese school of international relations.

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Document Type: application/pdf
Page count: 47
Word count: 17765
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The Case against Chinese Exceptionalism: Confucian Culture and the Use of Force Yuan-kang Wang Assistant Professor Department of Sociology & School of Public Affairs and Administration Western Michigan University E-mail: yuan-kang.wang@wmich.edu ABSTRACT: The call for a Chinese school of international relations arises from the alleged inability of existing theories to explain the Chinese experience—China’s Confucian culture has produced a fundamentally different experience from that of the West. The central question of this article is thus: To what extent does
45 is less a theory that provides falsifiable hypotheses to be tested (or that have been tested) than a vague approach to thinking about and conceptualizing world politics.”128 There seems to be a similar tendency in the Chinese School’s effort to emulate the English School. However I think scholars in China would have a greater impact if their theories could be situated in the broader theoretical landscape of current IR theory showing how their claims are universal. 128 Dale


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