Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: This paper rethinks communication warfare by assessing two post-9/11 collective intelligence strategies: the US governmental “open source intelligence” and the citizen investigative research of the 9/11 Truth Movement. Working with the belief that the 9/11/01 attacks were attributable to an intelligence failure, public figures (with intelligence backgrounds) have called for a distributed model of intelligence gathering. Called “open source intelligence” or “public intelligence,” this project seeks to enroll citizens as governmental agents via an “open source agency” employing covert networks. The public here is composed not via a public sphere, but a secret sphere (where espionage has become democratized). At the same time, the 9/11 Truth Movement employs collective intelligence and network tactics as an organizing tool and for knowledge distribution. How does this popular intelligence get positioned by, and respond to, agents of public intelligence? What is the role of professional journalism amidst these intelligence networks? These collective intelligence agencies are contestational, especially over what constitutes the public, investigation, and skepticism. What happens when networks overlap, get entangled, and conflict? This paper argues that as networks “converge” they do not simply produce new forms of participation (as in the “convergence culture” thesis)—they also repropose the terrains of antagonism.

Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: Recent discussions of network politics have located agency in what Pierre Levy calls "collective intelligence." Media studies, most notably in the work of Henry Jenkins, has taken up CI and highlighted its potential as a new public sphere. This presentation problematizes the equation of CI with public sphere by examining the case study of the 9/11 Truth Movement. A decentralized network of researchers, bloggers, and activist organizers, the 9/11 TM is defined by its skepticism of official accounts of the September 11th attacks. Specifically, 9/11 TM considers itself to be filling the gaps left by official investigative organs. 9/11 TM's use of viral marketing techniques, online distribution of documentaries, and collaborative, decentralized knowledge-production make it an excellent example of bottom-up, collective intelligence. The case of the 9/11 TM prompts new strategies of neutralization to accompany traditional ones, and ultimately forces us to rethink collective intelligence in terms of popular powers.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The production, dissemination, and
consumption of intelligence analysis and estimates has long been viewed
by practioners, policy makers, and scholars as a highly secret
undertaking where debates over the meaning of events and plotting of
trends occur out of public view. Because of this intelligence
controversies have tended to be after-the-fact affairs focusing on
instances of strategic surprise such as the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor, the Tet Offensive in Vietnam, or the Falkland Islands War, or
the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. The recently concluded Iraq War, however,
broought to light another dimension of intelligence analysis. Here we
saw the public use of intelligence to build a case for action. It is
not the first time this has happened. One can look back to the Reagan
administration and its attempt to build support for action in Latin
America against rebel forces in El Salvador and Nicaragua. In this
paper I will examine the phenomenon of public intelligence by reviewing
the manner in which intelligence was used by the Bush administration in
the lead up to the Iraq War and in earlier periods. The conceptual
argument will proceed in three parts. First, it will review the forces
that gave rise to the advent of public intelligence in the United
States. These are found overwhlemingly in the nature of American
domestic politics. Second, it will examine the characteristics of
public intelligence. Third, it will look at the consequences of public
intelligence for the quality of secret intelligence and the policy
making process. I have edited or co-edited two volumes on intelligence
both publlished by Frank Cass Ltd. Intelligence Analysis and
Assessment,and Controlling Intellligence. I have also authored several
articles and book chapters on intelligence. I am the author of an
American foreign policy textbook, American Foreign Policy: Past,
Present, Future, 5th edition Prentice Hall.
I would be happy to serve as chair or discussant on a panel as well and
if desired could put together a panel on intelligence.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The contemporary threat and conflict environment is characterized by the privatization of violence. A variety of non-state actors -- legitimate and illegitimate -- are eroding the nation-state's monopoly of violence. These include international non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations, private security and military companies, and terrorist and insurgent groups (or criminal soldiers). This situation is present in domestic and international settings, and results from and accelerates a change in state structures. As a consequence, terrorism, insurgency, transnational organized crime, gang violence, and homeland security are all facets of national and homeland security concerns. This complex, diffuse, and frequently networked security environment requires the development of new intelligence approaches. These approaches include organizational and conceptual models. This paper reviews the organizational and intelligence models developed for the Terrorism Early Warning Group (TEW) model and assesses the potential for applying them to critical infrastructure protection and broader strategic conflict early warning. Specifically, this paper reviews Intelligence Preparation for Operations, the Transaction Analysis Model and Transaction Analysis Cycle as methods for implementing public-private intelligence and risk management strategies to protect critical infrastructure as a component of global security.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: With federal court battles over anti-evolution/pro-intelligent design, this paper seeks to apply models of judicial behavior in an attempt to predict outcomes in such cases.