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 Pages: 27 pages || Words: 6136 words || 
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1. Johnson, Amy., Becker, Jennifer., Wigley, Shelley., Wittenberg, Elaine. and Haigh, Michel. "What geographic distance can illustrate about relational closeness: Close long-distance friendships" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003 Online <.PDF>. 2009-12-05 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p111755_index.html>
Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Relational closeness in long-distance (LD) friendships holds important practical and theoretical interest. However, when defining and measuring relational closeness, scholars have overlooked the LD friendship. For example, Bersheid et al.’s (1989b) work based on interdependence emphasizes face-to-face interaction and disadvantages the LD friendship. This study asked 113 participants to define closeness generally and in LD friendships. Results illustrated that previous methods of conceptualizing and measuring closeness do not fully capture the nuances of closeness when face-to-face contact frequency is low. Suggestions for developing such a measure and implications for current conceptualizations of relational closeness are discussed.

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