Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The paper explores the understandings of the idea of Europe of three key European leaders throughout 1969-1973. It is argued that the approaches to European integration taken by Edward Heath, Georges Pompidou, and Willy Brandt were not only influenced by national economic and political interests, but also by diverging understandings of the concept of ‘Europe’. Through an elite-level analysis of primary sources and biographical material, the paper illustrates the importance of leadership for European integration, as well as the wide-ranging autonomy European leaders enjoyed on European affairs.

Publication Type: Paper (prepared oral presentation)
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The main argument examined in this paper is that the escalation of political violence in Northern Ireland between 1969-1999 resulted because of the state’s reliance on repression and this had conflicting effects contributing to the rise in violence. Perhaps the most important finding reached by this research was that a state’s reliance on repression is positively associated with more insurgent violence. This research suggests that variations in outcomes to the use of force by a democratic state may result because one may assume a linear model exits when in reality the true relationship maybe curvilinear.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper examines the political significance of presidential proclamations as a tool of the "unilateral presidency."

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The focus of the following study is to explore whether there is a social profile for people who are more likely to have favorable attitudes toward high-risk activism for social change and whether being socially connected to one’s community has any effect. The results indicate that social capital does have a significant impact on attitudes toward high-risk activism for social change, as does being unmarried, having a low status job/career or being unemployed. Age is found to have a curvilinear relationship to the dependent variable, but most importantly, the study provides support for the possibility that there is a social profile for people willing to consider violence for social change.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Researchers have spilt much ink over the search for the proper definition of terrorism—thankfully, more ink than blood—resulting in a host of different definitions. Are these different definitions distinctions without differences? Or, are they describing different phenomenon? If the former, we can logically forgo the search for the perfect definition of terrorism and logically unify the extant research. If the latter, we must be careful in our reviews of the literature in our research and only rely on findings from those who study the same phenomena.

The heart of the question concerns commensurability of definitions in the terrorism literature. To determine the comparability of definitions of terrorism in the literature, this study uses the 3535 deaths due to the Troubles in Northern Ireland between 1969 and 2002, one statistical model, and four definitions of terrorism. If the definitions are commensurate, the model should produce similar results when using the different definitions. However, since the results are not similar, the definitions are not commensurate. This implies that research based around one definition cannot logically utilize the findings of research based on other, non-commensurate definitions of terrorism.