Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: There is disagreement, particularly in the case of late-industrializing countries, about the exact impact of capitalist development and regime loyalties of entrepreneurs on democratic institutions. While, some suggest that business can be a democratizing force, others believe that it is ambivalent at best. My study of an elite business association in Turkey, based on extensive interviews with some of its key members, reveals that economic liberalization increases autonomy from an arbitrary state and creates a need to increasingly stay competitive; these in turn lead the economic elite to press for reform. In doing so, this paper contributes to the literature by outlining factors that shape the regime loyalties of entrepreneurs and one key mechanism behind the relationship between capitalism and democratization.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Does Pakistan need to adopt and maintain Consociational governance to practise democracy? If so, what Consociational arrangements would be more likely to accommodate ethnic minorities and ensure distributive justice? The paper attempts to answer these questions looking closely at the ethnic composition of Pakistan, the roll and strength of Pakistani Federation towards management of diversity, and the arrangements of power sharing presented by Consociational school of thought.
Arend Lijphart (1992) identified India as a consociational federation. Since then, the relative political stability of India has been considered as a potential of consociational federation while the democratic instability of Pakistan as a limitation of non-consociational federation by “Consociationlists”. This judgement led to the suggestion that Pakistan “will need to adopt and maintain Consociational governance at federal centre”to“practise democracy. Hence, the argument has been presented by senior Consociationlists1; it deserves an empirical inquiry to examine the relevancy of Consociational arrangements of power sharing with the multiethnic society of Pakistan.
The paper would examine whether Executive Power-sharing, Provincial autonomy, Proportionality (proportionality in allocation of resources, representation, and opportunities), and Minority rights protection through Veto legislation can diminish the centralisation of political power and regional disparities that underpin the ethnic mobilisation in Pakistan. The study would enable us to draw some conclusion about the utility of consociational devices in multiethnic societies of developing world.
Keywords: Pakistan, consociational governance, management of diversity

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: A negative relationship between social welfare protections and homicide rates has been established in prior research on nation states: Homicide rates are lower in nations with more generous social welfare policies. In addition, prior research indicates that the widely observed positive effect of income inequality on homicide rates is weaker in nations with more generous welfare policies. These results have been interpreted with reference to the institutional-anomie theory of crime. From this perspective, a strong welfare state reduces crime rates by diminishing the institutional dominance of the free-market economy and, in turn, the anomic effects of market forces on crime rates. An important limitation of this research is its cross-sectional character, which renders causal inferences uncertain. In the current study, we examine the effects of changes in market forces, measured by real GDP per capita, on changes in homicide rates for a sample of 13 nations between 1971 and 2002. We hypothesize, based on the institutional-anomie perspective, that GDP will have weaker effects on homicide rates in nations with more generous social welfare policies. Preliminary findings lend support to this hypothesis.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Previous research on women’s access to management has typically used occupational data detached from establishments. In this paper, we use EEO-1 reports to explore the effects of gender composition of establishments on women’s access to management net of labor market change, industrial change, organizational determinants, and changes in segregation. Specifically, we draw on past research to identify potential positive and negative “tipping points,” or composition points beyond which barriers to women’s career mobility break down or worsen. We find that, net of other factors, conditions for women tend to be best in relatively sex-balanced establishments.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Political conflict across Sub-Saharan Africa is often linked to the pervasive use of clientelism in acquiring and retaining control of the state. However, few sources of data have been available to systematically examine the relationship between a leader’s clientelist strategies and the likelihood of an extra-constitutional change in power. With data on 43 countries from 1971 to 2001, this paper uses cabinet size as a proxy for changes in a leader’s clientelist network. Preliminary results suggest that patronage appointments to the cabinet can be used to extend a leader’s tenure. A cross-sectional time-series analysis of cabinet size shows that additions to a leader’s cabinet not only depend on resources, but also on the nature of executive competition and the presence of internal conflict. A time-accelerated log-normal hazard model of regime duration further indicates that cabinet expansion, like economic growth, can lower the probability of being deposed through a coup.