Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Prospective House candidates base their decision to run on a variety of factors. Candidates with elective office experience strategically assess whether a House candidacy's likelihood of success is high enough to justify giving up one's current position. Such quality candidates challenge incumbents based on both district and national level variables (Jacobson 1990; Bond, Covington, and Fleisher 1985) and they are even more likely to emerge in open seats (Jacobson 1989; Bond, Fleisher, and Talbert 1997). Among quality candidates, state legislators are among the most competitive and they are especially likely to emerge in open seat races (Herrnson 1998; Berkman 1994). If legislators have traditionally been the most prominent of quality candidates, the term limitation movement in state legislators may have national implications if termed-out legislators attempt to prolong their political careers in the House. If so, House races in term limit states could be more competitive than other states as they would include more quality candidates. In this study, challenger emergence in House elections will be examined by determining whether legislators are more likely to run for the House from term limit states.
Politicians are ambitious individuals whose career decisions are shaped by the political opportunities of their environment (Schlesinger 1966). Under term limitations, ambitious legislators will be more likely to run (and win) House seats as their ambitions are channeled to higher elective offices such as Congress. Previous research has found legislators from term limit states are more likely to run for Congress in some circumstances (Powell 2000; Carey, Niemi, and Powell 2000). However, these efforts did not consider whether legislator advancement to the House under term limitations differed depending upon the legislature's career opportunity type (Squire 1988). Since some legislatures offer more promising advancement opportunities than others, term limits will likely give higher opportunity legislators more incentive to challenge a House seat. Therefore, under term limitations, challenger emergence by legislators should be most likely in states with higher career advancement opportunities. To test this hypothesis, several multivariate logistic models are specified and estimated for House winners in House elections between 1996-2000. To explain the intervening effects of term limitations and career opportunity type, an interactive variable is included as the primary independent variable of interest. Several control variables are also included for important state-, district-, and national-level influences.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Presenter
Tifanie W. Pulley, Norfolk State University

The focus of this study is to examine how women attorneys within the criminal justice system determine career satisfaction. Specifically, it is posited that women attorneys experience gender bias in the male dominated legal profession. As such, this bias promotes formal and informal barriers that affect career satisfaction and career mobility. Not withstanding the current progress of women attorneys, objective indicators of discrimination are still prevalent. Feminism serves as the theoretical framework for this exploratory study of 30 practicing women attorneys located in the Hampton Roads area. Based on this perspective, the following research questions are examined: (1) what are the major determinants of career satisfaction for women attorneys, (2) what are the specific factors-formal and informal that inhibits career satisfaction, (3) what are the major factors-formal and informal that promotes career satisfaction, and (4) what are the gender dynamics that influence career trajectory of women attorneys. By utilizing a multi-method approach, grounded in feminist theory, this research expects to provide insight in the challenges of women attorneys and their career experiences. Policy implications for creating equal opportunities for women in law are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Fighting Insecurity:
Political Careers and Career Politics in the Federal Republic of Germany

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The sex industry, an umbrella term for a continuum of work sites and legitimacy, employs millions of people across location and time. Sex workers participate in this industry by choice and force. Career counselors play an important role with workers by finding safer choices within and outside of the industry.

Publication Type: Invited Paper