Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are any differences on characteristics of group dynamics such as leadership and participation, communication, problem solving, working together, influence, trust, and empowerment between cohort and non-cohort students in an educational leadership. The findings suggest positive experiences in the cohort with regards to effective school characteristics, as well as indicators of “group think” among cohort students.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Macropartisanship varies substantially from cohort to cohort. Much of this variation is attributable to partisan generational effects. Using Sears and Valentino’s (1997) theory of event-driven political socialization, I argue that partisan generational effects are caused by the national policy mood during a cohort’s impressionable adolescent years. To test this hypothesis, I first measure changes in partisan generational effects using nearest neighbor matching to control for the demographic compositional factors that might also contribute to macropartisanship change across cohorts, and, then, show that changes in policy mood liberalism substantially explain the estimated differences in partisan generational effects from cohort to cohort.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: We consider the redistributive effects of social security old age pensions as compared to the tendency for private pensions to exacerbate gender inequality while asset earnings compound racial inequality—effects that we documented in research on the retirement cohort of 1980-1981 (Hogan and Perrucci 1998). Then we suggest how changes in the past two decades might have increased or decreased gender and racial gaps in retirement earnings for younger cohorts. Our analysis of retirees extracted from AHEAD, CODA, HRS, and War Babies birth cohorts indicates some evidence of progress for white women and black men but little change in the general pattern of reproducing inequality in retirement. We find that cohort effects (left and right censoring) are generally more significant than what might at first appear to be temporal effects. Gender progress may be exaggerated by these effects, while racial progress may be under-estimated. In either case, however, there is no evidence of progress for black women--the truly disadvantaged. Furthermore, we find no evidence to suggest that we should reconsider our assertion (Hogan, Perrucci and Wilmoth 2000) that the privatization schemes currently being offered as alternatives to social security old age pensions will increase racial and gender inequality.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Although the positive association between education and health is well documented, it is unclear how this relationship varies with age and over time. The few existing reports of socioeconomic inequalities in health by age are based primarily on cross-sectional samples or short-term longitudinal follow-ups of one or two years. This paper follows two cohorts of women from the National Longitudinal Surveys over three decades to see how health advantages of high educational attainment and disadvantages of low educational attainment change as people grow older. I show how research design can influence conclusions made by researchers studying aging and health inequalities. Specifically, odds ratios from cross-sectional analyses reveal converging education-based health differences with age. Longitudinal analyses, however, show stable or diverging differences in health status by educational attainment with increasing age. Highlighting the need to understand education as a process not as a fixed characteristic attained by early adulthood, I find that women who continue to engage in formal learning throughout middle and older age have improved chances of avoiding health problems. Finally, I find that part of the education-based gap in health is due to women’s differential engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as smoking, immoderate eating, and drinking.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Objectives. This study hypothesized that chronic stressors associated with an everyday social role (work) would interact with a traumatic macrostressor (9/11/01) in predicting mental health. Methods. Mail surveys were returned at wave 3 of a workplace cohort study, in some cases before and in others after 9/ll/01. Questionnaires assessed decision latitude, sexual harassment, generalized workplace abuse, distress and drinking. Regression analyses addressed the main effect of 9/11 and interactions between 9/11 and work stressors, controlling for baseline mental health.

Results. The main effect of 9/11 on elevated drinking was significant for women but not men. For women, work stressors significantly interacted with experiencing 9/ll for drinking and anxiety outcomes.

Conclusions. Women experiencing chronic work stressors were most vulnerable to elevated distress and drinking after 9/11.