Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: In this presentation of our chapter, we argue that a crucial HIV/AIDS prevention opportunity is being squandered by a relatively conservative and standardized approach to HIV test counseling that emphasizes information exchange rather than risk minimization. We review and critique current HIV test counseling research and practice and propose a reframing of the current HIV test counseling protocol with a model informed by Harm Reduction Theory (HRT). The Integrated Model for Voluntary Counseling and Testing is based, in part, on transcripts from HIV test counseling sessions that suggested a need for movement away from traditional approaches of counselor-to-client interviewing in favor of more realistic, nonjudgmental, agency-promoting, client-involved, collaborative sessions promoting sexual health and HIV/AIDS prevention for clients and others who share their lives. In addition, the authors recognize the limitations of this extension of HRT into HIV test counseling practice and training and include future directions for implementation and evaluation.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper examines large law firm general counsel and ethics counsel's approaches to and assumptions and beliefs about ethics, morals and the phenomenon of ethical wrongdoing. Based on semi-structured interviews with large law firm general counsel and ethics counsel, this study attempts to describe the moral frame employed by the lawyers charged with the primary responsibility for ethics policy in their firms. The paper asks how this characteristic moral frame influences General Counsel and Ethics Counsels' approaches to their roles, including their decision-making, their interactions with the lawyers in their firms, and their understandings of the causes and potential for preventing ethical wrongdoing.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper will provide a discussion of the history and scholarship concerning the right to counsel in criminal cases, with particular focus on the right to effective assistance of counsel in capital cases. The review covers the English judicial doctrine, the codification of the right in the early colonial charters and state constitutions, and the modern interpretation and application of the sixth amendment. It discusses the evolution of the right from consultation with private counsel to appointment of counsel for indigents. It addresses principles of federalism and state autonomy, covering landmark cases. The paper will address corollaries of the right to counsel in capital cases; counsel’s effective assistance, performance standards, appointment and compensation, and conflict of interest issues, which go to the heart of the fair administration of the death penalty. Good representation, performance standards and compensation may lead to fewer death sentences. Capital cases involve unique procedures, requiring specialized experience with juries in guilt and penalty phases. While the sixth amendment standards for effective assistance of counsel in criminal cases differ analytically from "death is different standard" applied in eighth amendment capital cases, recent cases show that the Court is sensitive to capital counsel’s special duties regarding mitigation evidence.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: To explore the influence of international public relations on U.S. news media and public perceptions of foreign nations, this study used a triangulation of methods by comparing public relations counsel for foreign nations, media content, and public opinion data in 1998 and 2002. The results indicate that while the relationship between public relations counsel and media coverage was minimal at the level of object and substantive attribute salience, linkages were observed with affective attribute salience. In general, public relations counsel was associated with a decrease in the amount of negative news coverage. At the level of individual news stories, it was connected to increased positive valence in media content. For the dimensions of news coverage associated with public relations, media salience was related to public salience and attitudes regarding foreign nations. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Managers of public defender offices have reshaped how the role of indigent defense is viewed in their communities. This paper focuses on how public defender managers, as leaders of a government agency, have created a fluid definition of the value of their program’s services that incorporates, yet also transcends, the right to counsel. The managers of indigent defender offices must attend to a diverse group of stakeholders, including political and criminal justice actors and the public; a legal definition of why a public defender office is important is too narrow. This research examines how these managers have defined the various elements of their office’s public value and explicates those elements. In order to secure support and maintain agency legitimacy, the value of services provided by the public defender office needs to be defined and communicated in a way that resonates with diverse constituencies. This paper will also discuss the variation that such political management requires in order to demonstrate the significance and value of the public defender office. Data were collected from a sample of New York State public defender managers through in-depth interviews and direct observation.