Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Joseph D.D. Rivers, editor of the Colorado Statesman and a
classmate of Booker T. Washington at Hampton Institute, laments in a 1
September 1906 editorial that one of "the greatest disadvantages of
living West of the Mississippi river is the separation by contact from
the leaders of great movements that are stirring, educating and
inspiring members of the Negro race." Included in his list is the
Niagra meeting held at Harper's Ferry. Several months later, he asks
his Denver readers to choose between BTW and WEB DuBois as to who has
the better program for black people in the country at that time. On 2
February 1907 he writes, characterizing BTW as a statesman and WEB
DuBois as a politician, that the "DuBois crowd while no doubt having a
place and a duty to perform, will find their efforts only temporary,
while the work of Washington is not only permanent, but eternal." What
this paper proposes is an exploration of these ideas in the context of
Black Denver at the turn of the twentieth century and what explanatory
potential they have for another statement Rivers makes about Blacks in
the city merely echoing the sentiments of others rather than giving
voice to their own concerns as a way of securing the promises of
democracy for themselves.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Let $\$D\$$ be a set of positive integers. The distance graph generated by $\$D\$$, denoted by $\$G(\backslash mathbb\; Z,D)\$$, has the set $\$\backslash mathbb\; Z\$$ of all integers as the vertex set, and two vertices $\$x\$$ and $\$y\$$ are adjacent if $\$|x-y|\; \backslash in\; D\$$. The chromatic number, fractional chromatic number, and circular chromatic number of distance graphs have been studied greatly over the past two decades. Closely related to these parameters is the density of a distance set $\$D\$$, $\$\backslash mu(D)\$$, and the parameter involved in the Lonely Runner Conjecture, $\$k(D)\$$. It is known that $\$\backslash mu(D)\; \backslash geq\; k(D)\$$ for all distance sets $\$D\$$; in addition, $\$\backslash mu(D)=k(D)\$$ for all distance sets $\$D\$$ where $\$|D|\; \backslash leq\; 2\$$ and $\$gcd(D)=1\$$. So far, all known examples for $\$|D|=3\$$ conclude that $\$\backslash mu(D)=k(D)\$$. Whether this identity is true for all 3-element distance sets remains an open problem. In summer 2008, I selected two undergraduate students to investigate this open problem with me. We proved that $\$\backslash mu(D)=k(D)\$$ for two more types of 3-element distance sets $\$D\$$ in addition to the known types such as "punched sets" and "union of two intervals". In this talk, I will present the results we obtained and if time permits, I will relate my experience of working with undergraduates on this research venture.

Publication Type: Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: The initial and continuing implementation of the Medicare Part D outpatient prescription drug benefit has greatly impacted the practice of pharmacy. In addition to turning to pharmacists to dispense prescription drugs covered by Part D plans, millions of Medicare beneficiaries also call upon pharmacists for information and guidance in order to make informed decisions in plan selection. A Medicare Part D elective course was offered to help determine appropriate teaching methods to prepare students for these ongoing challenges.
Methods: Three methods were combined to educate and expose pharmacy students to Medicare Part D. These included: didactic lecturing and guest speakers from the local, state and national level; community outreach events coinciding with Part D open enrollment; and group research projects incorporating a Part D topic. At the completion of the course, students were surveyed on their understanding of Medicare Part D and their perceived value of the community outreach events and research projects.
Results: Based on student assessment, the various methods used were effective for the students understanding and application of Medicare Part D concepts. Students were able to learn the complexities of Medicare Part D; apply their understanding of Medicare Part D to assist the community; and successfully complete and present a research project involving a Medicare Part D topic.
Implications: This elective course model will be used to educate and prepare future pharmacy students regarding Medicare Part D, and to continue providing valuable service to the community and local Medicare beneficiaries.

Publication Type: Student Paper
Abstract: A polytope is defined to be the convex hull of a finite set of points. A method called �clique replacements� describes the mechanics to go from one combinatorial class of polytopes to another. For the case of d-dimensional polytopes with d+4 facets, we will share our progress in creating criteria for when such replacements yield another polytope and when they do not, as well as related properties.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Our days’ Muslim Brotherhood’s version of the Salafiyya-vision presents itself as modernist reform of the worldwide Islamic community under colonial and postcolonial rule, but the implications of their ideology may be brought out by considering its origins. It originated with al-Afghânî’s “pan-Islamic” initiative. Al-Afghânî was an itinerant activist who urged Muslim heads of state to unite against colonial powers over sectarian and ethnic divides, and sought as many non-Muslim partners in this as possible; hence his travels, in his native country Persia, India, Afghanistan, the Ottoman capital Istanbul, Egypt, England, Russia, and France, where he published his famous journal al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqâ (“The Most Trustworthy Bond”). The paper will analyse al-Afghânî’s concept of Salafiyya by way of Romantic nationalism and Michael Bakunin’s “pan-Slavism”, focusing on his conception of science and rejection of the traditional religious methodologies, which coincided with his fundamentalist move of grounding his political enterprise in a highly subjective reading of the Quran. Existing research has showed that al-Afghânî’s “modernism” is nationalistic (Haim 1960; Kedourie 1966; Keddie 1968; Landau 1993). Here it will be argued that his nationalism is of the radical brand where the leader is conceived of as the embodiment of the people, and that this ideology instrumentalises science and education by tying them to his political program, which is why he broke with existing religious authorities loyal to the state. The argument has two implications: that in relation to the traditional Islamic disciplines, the “reform” envisioned by al-Afghânî was in fact an “innovation”; and that the principles of authority involved in al-Afghânî’s “modernism” are not compatible with the critical scientific approach linked to a vibrant public sphere and liberal democracy, although they can be made to be so, presumably through debate in the “global public sphere”.