Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study examines the reliability and validity of Neuliep and McCroskey’s (1997) revised Generalized Ethnocentrism scale (GENE). In addition to completing the GENE, participants completed several instruments chosen to test the GENE’s predictive, concurrent, and construct validity. The results indicate that the GENE is a reliable and valid index of generalized ethnocentrism and is recommended for use in future intercultural communication research.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: While raising the problematic issue of applying normative theory to international settings, the current study examined multinational corporations’ (MNCs) PR practices by employing positive theory as an alternative theoretical framework for international public relations. Based on literature from a positive contingency theory of conflict management in public relations, we explored how MNCs are practicing public relations in Korea and what contingency factors impact MNCs’ stances in conflict situations. We accomplished this by interviewing CEOs and client leaders in leading PR agencies whose major clients are MNCs present in Korea.
Key findings from the current study are that “fear factor” plays a critical role in MNCs’ taking more accommodating stances under conflict situations with local publics. MNCs tend to move toward accommodation stances based on their fear of Korean media and local culture regardless of the presence of two-way symmetrical communications with publics involved. More specifically, accommodations seemed to occur from interactions between one-way communication (i.e., local public’s claims) and MNCs’ fear of media or publics involved. This finding implies that one-way communication does not always result in advocacy as is claimed in Western cultures.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Turkey’s first attempt to access European Community, which is predecessor of EU, goes back to 1959. Despite of intensive Turkish efforts, European side had persistently denied Turkey’s access until recently. In this long journey, Turkey was never turned down directly. EU has maintained that Turkey has to carry out massive political and economic reforms before entry could even be considered. Finally, thanks to astonishing reforms performed by Turkish governments since 2001, EU, at December 17, 2004, announced that it will start official negotiations with Turkey within one year. In order to get this date the Turkish government has had to make many changes in its institutions and legislations. Between 2002 and 2004, there were nine EU engaged “Harmonization Packages”, which included several alterations in a number of institutions, that adopted by the Turkish Parliament. In this paper, our main concern is whether these rapid harmonization reforms have been digested by the Turkish public. We will try to answer this question within the social science metaphor of the universalism-ethnocentrism continuum. And finally, we will conclude on the major policy implications for particularly the Turkish-EU access process; and the vigorous construction of the European integration course and institutionalization.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: With the advancement of communication technology and shifts in demographics, intercultural communication competence is essential. Scholars agree that ethnocentrism creates barriers to effective intercultural communication. However, the research shows limited focus on the factors that contribute to ethnocentrism. This study explores three antecedents: cultural identity, self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Data collected from a self-administered survey of 419 undergraduates at two universities in the western United States was used to examine the relationship between cultural identity, self-esteem, emotional intelligence and ethnocentrism. The results indicate that high emotional intelligence leads to reduced ethnocentrism, and strong cultural identity leads to increased ethnocentric attitudes. There was no significant correlation between self-esteem and ethnocentrism. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ethnocentrism on face, facework, and conflict styles during intercultural conflict. Six hypotheses were forwarded predicting a variety of correlations between ethnocentrism, face, facework behaviors, and conflict styles. Ninety-one participants were exposed to intercultural conflict scenarios and responded to a series of self-report instruments measuring ethnocentrism, face, facework behaviors, and conflict styles. All hypotheses were supported. The implications of the results are discussed.