Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: China’s conversion to capitalism began in the late 1970s with its implementation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Over time, these zones evolved into industrial, export, and technological development zones, which were used as a means of manufacturing rapid economic growth. _x000d_This paper will illustrate how those policies of differentiation, over time, became normalized and nearly universal in China’s sixty-plus economic zones (encapsulating virtually the entire arable territory of the PRC). Moreover, normalization has led to a rounding of the PRC’s life cycle of growth for economic zones, which has lessened the main effect and rationale for these zones—the use of differentiation as an engine of economic growth. With the PRC’s uniform adoption of tax and regulatory policies for its zones, encouraged in part by its membership of the WTO, the life cycle of these zones are reaching their apogee and will leave behind a localized form of governance and management of the Chinese economy.

Publication Type: Individual Poster
Abstract: Physical growth curves in Japan are widely distributed from Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare every 10 years. These are regarded as the standard for physical growth of children from the birth to 6 years old and worth grasping the overall trend in Japan. On the other hand, it is well known that we should pay special attentions when we compare with the individual case. These are constructed based on the birth date and great worth for the diagnosis of physical growth just after the birth date, while can not grasp the following growth features correctly in some cases.
For the case of Twins which are born with the 36 - 37 weeks on the average, the original growth features for Twins are easy to be buried among the conventional growth curves. From this point of view, some researches to build up Twins’ growth curves are progressing [1].
We are developing the analyses based on the gestational age instead of the birth age to grasp the original features of Twins’ growth appropriately and to decrease the stresses of parent early in the nursing [2]. We have pointed out with the usage of huge number of Twins’ growth data that the growth curves based on the gestational age are valuable except just after the birth and we are able to grasp correctly the catch up phenomena [3, 4].
In this paper, we point out the dominance of our research based on the gestational age compared with the proceeding research based on the birth age [1]. We also apply our analyses for a concrete sample and try to extract the original features of Twins’ growth which were ambiguous on the conventional analyses.

References：
［1］ For Instance, S.Ooki and A.Asaka：”Construction of a Japanese Database on Infant Twins and their Families”, the 11th International Congress on Twin Studies(2004).
［2］ Y.Morikawa：”Physical Growth Curves in Japan and Twins’ Growth Data”, the 11th International Congress on Twin Studies(2004).
［3］　Y.Morikawa and S.Ooki：”Investigation for Physical Growth Curves considering the birth date”, the 19th Research Meeting for Twin Studies of Japan(2005).
［4］ Y.Morikawa and S.Ooki：”Weight Growth Curves and Twins’ Growth”, the 5th Research Meeting for Baby Science of Japan(2005).

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper argues that notwithstanding the pejorative connotation of the term “dual unionism,” competition between independent labor federations serves to spur innovation and revitalization in union organizing among member unions. We analyze the impact of dual unionism over the last century by estimating changes in overall union density (and AFL density) during periods when major dual union federations existed and periods when they did not. We also measure the impact of changes in the number and density of independent unions, which have maintained a steady presence throughout the last century. We find that when more unions vie for members’ votes, there is a positive impact on labor union density.

Supporting Publications:
Supporting Document

Publication Type: Poster
Abstract: Over one-fifth of the counties in the United States experienced population decline between 1990 and 2000. Many of the individuals in those counties in 2000, however, would have correctly described the place where they lived as having grown in population size during the 1990s. This apparent contradiction arises from the fact that population patterns are not uniform within a county. Some places within a county may be experiencing net in-migration while others within the same county are marked by net out-migration. Some areas within a county may have younger populations resulting in more births than deaths while other areas with older populations may have an excess of deaths over births. It is an ecological fallacy too-often-made to assume that population changes at the macro-level must necessarily result in similar changes at the micro-level. Indeed, in some counties with declining populations the majority of the residents were living in places that had grown during the decade. This poster presentation will summarize the population changes at the local level that took place in the 677 U.S. counties that lost population during the 1990s. In doing so, it will explain why population experiences at the local level may so often contradict patterns occurring at the regional level.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper attempts to determine what affect the educational attainment of women has on economic growth in both developed and developing countries. It argues that previous studies using neo-classical growth theory have ineffectively demonstrated the relationship between education and economic growth by treating the impacts of male and female education the same way. Different societal norms and obligations affect how well and to what extent educated females can affect economic growth. Using endogenous growth theory to capture the influence of government policy and culture, I contend that female education has a significant, positive affect on economic growth when the gender gap for education between men and women is slight. As the gender gap for education widens, social mobility and opportunity for women to participate in society is compromised and this, in turn, negatively affects economic growth.