Publication Type: Abstract
Abstract: Abstract: Nutrient-enriched waters transported by the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers are enriching the shoreline waters of the Gulf of Mexico contributing to hypoxic conditions. Previous science findings were that a 30% reduction in nitrate discharge to the Gulf was needed to meet the 2015 goal for reducing the size of the hypoxic zone. A re-assessment of the Gulf science completed in 2007 by the EPA Science Advisory Board has determined that 45% reductions of both nitrogen and phosphorus loading to the Gulf are needed to meet the 2015 goal. The science re-assessment characterizes needed nutrient reductions from both point and nonpoint sources in the basin to meet the hypoxia goal. This symposium which is sponsored by the Upper Mississippi River Subbasin Hypoxia Nutrient Committee (UMRSHNC) comprised of the states of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, will characterize the science re-assessment and actions needed to address Gulf hypoxia. Extent and seasonal variation of the Gulf hypoxic zone, and modeling to determine needed reductions in nutrient loading will be reviewed. Historical and present nutrient loading to the Gulf and needed nutrient reductions from both point and nonpoint sources will be discussed. The challenges and feasibility of achieving 45% reductions of both nitrogen and phosphorus delivered to the Gulf will be characterized, as well as the implications of these nutrient reductions to improve in-state and local water quality.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper compares how the United States pursued United Nations Security Council resolutions in 1990 and 2002-2003 opposing actions by Iraq. It addresses the question of why the United States succeeded in building a coalition authorizing the use of force in 1990, but was unable to do so through the Security Council in 2003. The paper focuses on the role of the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations in the policy-making process, evaluating how the United States worked through its Mission at the United Nations to pursue its policy agenda. In the twenty-first century, as the United States works with other nations to advance its foreign policy interests, scholars and policy makers alike need to understand how the United States can operate in the United Nations most effectively.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: For nearly two decades America has been steadily increasing its military role in and around the Persian Gulf. But September 11 triggered a fundamental change in U.S. goals and policies in the region. Prior to the attacks, the United States had a decidedly status-quo policy; the core American goal was to protect U.S. oil interests. Since September 11, however, America began an ambitious effort to change the politics of the region. U.S. policies for the Gulf are now being driven by America's perception of how the region fits into the war on terrorism: hostile and/or unreliable regimes, with WMD ambitions and ties to what the U.S. sees as terrorist organizations. In this new strategy, Iraq is a test case, Saudi Arabia is an unreliable ally and Iran is a potential threat. In the wake of the second Gulf War, the American position in the region is like that of Great Britain in the period between 1918 and 1958—the U.S. has military bases and de facto political control in Iraq and the Arab littoral of the Gulf. However, the political climate in the region is very different from that of this earlier period, calling into question how long this new American political/military configuration can be sustained.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Building on four years of combined fieldwork in the Gulf, this paper examines the emergence of private institutions of higher education in the Persian Gulf with a particular focus on new "American-style" universities in Kuwait.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Global order in the 21st century will be determined by a range of variables not traditionally incorporated in discussions of international security. Among these, surely, is the status of global food security. This paper examines the contemporary crisis in world fisheries and the challenges presented by the requirement to develop legitimate, equitable and sustainable governance of fish stocks in a liberal world economy. Critical to the success of this endeavor will be the creation of more effective linkages among the diverse fields which contribute to fisheries management. What can scholarship in International Relations contribute? This paper examines the tensions and obstacles that confront policy-makers as they seek to reconcile the often conflictual logic and demands of markets, science, and share-holders, including consumers and producers. A prerequisite for just and effective management of fish stocks will be the demolition of inter-disciplinary barriers that serve only to widen the gulf between the sciences and effective policy-making. There is, accordingly a pressing requirement to improve the contemporary nexus of science and policy and construct new bridges, not only between disciplines as diverse as marine biology and economics, but also within the discipline itself, as distinct sub-fields like international organization, international political economy and normative theory may deliver vital elements of the solution to the puzzle of equitable and sustainable fisheries governance. This paper concludes with a discussion of the current discourse among scientists and policy-makers regarding prescriptions for improving linkages among the various disciplines involved in fishery management.