Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper addressees several questions about what the states spend on higher education, looking at the actual amounts spent in FY 03-04, the change in state budgets for the one, two and five years before FY 03-04, and the amount spent per capita in each state on higher education. The methodology compares the states graphically and in a multiple regression context, with standard state variables being used to explain the distribution of expenditures.

In the case of the amount spent on higher education in FY 03-04, the study finds that expenditures closely accord with state populations, although states with highly professionalized (full-time) legislatures tend to spend an average of $200 million less than what their populations alone would predict.

In the case of the change in state budgets over the last few years, the paper focuses on the two year change, from FY 2001-02 to FY 2003-04, finding per capita income and the percent growth in the 18-24 year old population seem to have no effect on the budget changes, but that the estimated deficit in the state is significantly related to the budget changes. The several political variables tested seem to have no effect on changes in the state budgets.

In the case of per capita higher education expenses, the hypotheses were that these would relate to per capita incomes in the state and the percent increase in the 18-24 year old population; neither of these hypotheses receives any support. One of the several political variables is significant, but only barely so.

In our next analyses we will be refining these models and examining other measures to help explain the conundrum of state spending on higher education.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between efficiency and equity between the British and Japanese higher education systems in the 1990s and 2000s. The study addresses a following research question; what is the relationship between efficiency and equity in students’ access to higher education in the UK and Japan? The paper examines governments’ policy because of an assumption that government policy agenda towards the market and social justice, as well as socio-cultural and economic contexts, is significant to shape the relationship between efficiency and equity. The study applies sociological approach rather than economist approach.
The paper has argued that in the UK equity and efficiency are compatible at policy level; however, in the reality, inequity has grown under New Labour Government, making social justice policy rhetorical. In Japan, there has been lack of governments’ equity policy; nevertheless, equity in higher education access has improved because of social demand for higher education. In both countries, there is lack of government policy on gender in terms of access. It can be assumed that it is related to higher access rate of female students until the 1990s in both countries.

Publication Type: Poster
Abstract: Teacher education at virtual, for-profit, accredited institutions is the focus of this session. Institutional relationships with regional and specialized accreditors as well as federal and state policies will be described.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper presents quantitative data that demonstrates that the pipeline model currently being used to increase women's participation in the physical sciences in not working. The pipeline model claims that once women are recruited into the sciences at the earliest stages, the disciplines need only wait for these women to make their way through the science pipeline, at which point gender parity will be reached. However, not only are the sciences not recruiting sufficient numbers of women at the earliest stages, but also they are losing a larger proportion of women throughout the pipeline, as compared to men. The paper uses degree-award frequencies from the National Science Foundation's WebCASPAR database system to evaluate recruitment and retention in the various disciplines of the physical sciences. The paper closes with a few suggestions for improving the recruitment and retention of women.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In many economically advanced societies, higher education is beeing transformed from elite to a mass system. Massification has been accompanied by institutional differentiation. Systems, which had consisted almost exclusively of research universities have added a second-tier of less selective colleges. These second tier institutions have absorbed most of the growth in enrollments. At one and the same time, higher education is opening up to the working classes, and is being stratified within. This paper reports results of a 15 country comparative study of the association between the transformation of higher education on the one hand, and changes in educational stratification on the other hand. We capitalize on differences between countries in the extent of higher educational expansion and its forms of differentiation, and study how they are related to changes in the rates of attendance in the first and second tier institutions as well as class, gender and ethnic/racial inequalities therein.