Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: United Nations sanctions are an essential instrument of multilateral action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Since 1990, the Security Council has launched a new era in the use of collective coercive economic measures as a means of responding to violations of international norms. The Council has passed dozens of resolutions imposed against more than sixteen distinct targets including states, nongovernmental entities, militias and other political/military movements. This paper will explore the effectiveness of targeted sanctions by considering how successful sanctions are in terms of achieving the goals set by the UN Security Council. The activities that contribute to effective sanctions are discussed in three distinct areas and issues of concern and possibilities for improvement are highlighted.This paper will consider why sanctions do not always achieve the goals desired by the Security Council and suggest areas for possible improvement. The following activities are key components to the successful use of targeted sanctions, and are also areas where improvements might be made: A.Setting and Achieving GoalsB.ListingC.SignalingAfter laying out suggestions for more effective sanctions, we will turn our attention to implementation. Finding ways to implement sanctions in as swift and complete a manner as possible is the key to addressing the majority of problems that have been encountered in the use of sanctions. Finally, this paper will consider the various responses to sanctions after they are implemented and will offer suggestions for maintaining a flexible, dynamic response to events on the ground.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Partnering K-12 principal interviews are used to clarify reasons for poor participation in a grant-funded initiative. Results encourage including individual school principals in the design and implementation of large initiatives. Continuous communication with principals is also essential for success.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The passage of PRWORA in 1996 gave states the opportunity to engage in second-order devolution (SOD), which allows local governments to exercise more discretionary power in the implementation of welfare policies. Recent reports suggest that significant SOD has occurred in 14 states, with a number of other states practicing SOD to a lesser degree. Given this trend in TANF administration, it is important to explore if and how SOD affects the implementation of TANF. Opponents of welfare decentralization insist second-order devolution may lead to a ‘race to the bottom’ in welfare generosity to avoid the immigration of the poor, the loss of business revenue, and potential financial burden due to the funding formula. Proponents of welfare decentralization insist that local governments better understand the needs of the poor and are therefore better able to provide more appropriate services to their welfare clients, thus improving program performance. Existing scholarship on SOD under TANF has focused on the increase in discretion to local government, and how this may enhance variation in policy outcomes or contribute to policy success or stringency across local jurisdictions (Cho et al. 2005 ; Fording, Soss and Schram 2007). However, these studies are limited by the fact that they examine a single state. To date there has been no systematic analysis of the impact of administrative structure on the implementation of welfare policy which compares centralized states with SOD states. We examine the impact of SOD on the implementation of TANF work sanctions since the passage of welfare reform, using individual-level administrative data combined with county level data. Several multilevel analysis approaches including HLM are applied in the analyses. As we expect, we find that the local context has a significantly greater effect on the imposition of sanctions in SOD states, compared to non-SOD states. Consistent with the race to the bottom theory, we also find that sanctions are significantly more likely to be imposed in SOD states. The results have significant implications for debates over the proper degree of centralization in policy implementation.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted within the Oslo police force, mainly among rank and file officers. As problem-oriented policing (POP) had been under implementation for four years at the time of the fieldwork, this process was brought to attention although the purpose of the research project was to investigate the relationship between the police and ethnic minorities. The rank and file officers had contradictory perceptions about POP. It appeared that the implementation of POP was met with irritation and resistance in all three stations involved in the research. The questions raised in the paper are: Why did change in police strategies constitute a problem? What caused the resistance? Does the implementation of POP have any impact on the policing of ethnic minorities? It is suggested that the rank and file police officers’ sub cultural perceptions of what “real police work” is, including excitement, and the desire to “catch the crook”, make them resist the change in the organisation towards a more intellectual, situational and preventive approach to crime. Furthermore hierarchy may counteract organisational change. It has been suggested that community policing increases police rank and file autonomy. In Oslo, however, the demands about documentation of POP tasks, rather decreased police discretion and consequently produced resistance to POP.

Publication Type: Roundtable
Abstract: Discussion of the training, support and implementation of a standards-based, formative assessment tool during the student-teaching semester. Initial data analysis revealed a shift from group concerns to a focus on individual students.