Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper examines the differing roles of virtue and honor in Rousseau's epistolary novel "Julie" and Stendhal's "The Red and the Black" and the implications for egalitarian societies.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: War is a human game, and concern for the human rights violated by war led to an emphasis on various restrictions both as to the recourse to war ( jus ad bellum,) and to the ways it is conducted (jus in bello.) These circumscriptions are designed in certain aspects to moralize war or at least to alleviate its criminality. Israel's 2006 war on Lebanon transgressed those restrictions. The legitimate use of force is limited under international law to individual and collective self-defense, as specified by article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Even if it is accepted that article 51 grants Israel its right for self-defense, it must be remembered that self-defense needs to be limited-those principles are referred to as the 'Caroline Rules.'In the broader sense, I will argue that Israel did not violate the jus ad bellum but the jus in bello. Going beyond 'military necessity,' Israel, aggressively, transgressed 'standard restrictions,' leading to inflictions of harm that some even labeled war crimes. In summary: (1) the use of force against Lebanon would not be justified under international law unless: a) Lebanon mounted a direct attack on Israel or one of its allies and that requested Israel's assistance or b) an attack by Lebanon on Israel or one of its allies was imminent and could be averted in no way other than by the use of force or c) the United Nations Security Council authorized the use of force in clear terms. This paper shows that: (2) Lebanon has not attacked Israel, and no evidence is currently available to the public that any attack was imminent. Nonetheless, a Lebanese guerrilla group, Hezbollah, which mounted an attack on Israel from Lebanese territory, held Lebanon responsible. (3) Security Council Resolutions did not authorize the use of force against Lebanon. Such use of force would require further authorization from Security Council. (4)At present, Israel was therefore entitled, under international law, to use force against Lebanon by invoking article 51 on self-defense, which it did, yet its violation of the 'proportionality' dropped the legality of its self-defense and shifted the nature of the war, from a defensive one, into a 'war of aggression.'

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Mariko Mori and Julie are Japanese photographers whose images have appeared in book form, a mass medium infrequently examined by communication scholars. This paper examines Mariko Mori and Samurai Girl by applying both photographic critiques and a cultural analysis. It is argued that Mori challenges Japanese social norms by creating visual criticism, while Mori adopts the norms to have control over them. The differences between analyzing a monograph style photobook and a traditional photobook are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The paper’s purpose is to build upon and advance the discussion of non-profit public relations especially that associated with activism. It examined the strategic positioning and messaging of one event during the 19th Century anti-slavery movement in the United States. The various elements of that movement challenged the status quo position on slavery and racial discrimination. It included events such as Frederick Douglass’ Fourth of July Oration. It was one of many instances that anti-slavery communicators worked with to create strain by pointing to a legitimacy gap between hallowed values and the application of those values to the lives and conditions of people living and working in the United States.

Publication Type: Proceeding
Abstract: I reject the dominant feminist reading of Julie as a tragic romantic figure who kills herself, arguing instead that if we read the novel Julie: Or, The New Heloise as a discourse on moral freedom, we can see that Julie embodies the struggle between desire and will, between natural and moral freedom. Julie wins this battle, and in significant ways model's Rousseau's ideal of the citizen, regardless of gender.