Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Policies to counter the threat of weapons of mass destruction have, for the most part, been modeled on strategies originally devised to counter the danger of nuclear proliferation. While useful in countering a traditional CBN/WMD threat, current counter-proliferation and non-proliferation regimes are insufficient in meeting the challenge of maritime terrorism. Maritime terrorism represents a new category of threat; one that partially overlaps with conventional WMD, but for which – due to the scope and nature of the maritime industry – traditional counter-proliferation policies may be inadequate and even inappropriate. This paper outlines the means by which maritime shipping can be used as weapons of mass destruction and discusses the policies implemented to deal with these threats, in light of the challenges presented to traditional conceptualizations of WMD and counter-proliferation strategies.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Despite recent international systemic transformation, efforts to develop regional institutions in East Asia have been fraught with gridlock and realpolitik. Regional recalcitrance to change and cooperation stems from unresolved historical issues, intra-regional multipolarity and differing political-economic trajectories. However, the maritime realm has the potential to develop avenues for cooperation and institutional development in fisheries, pollution and maritime transport safety. This paper utilises Ulrich Beck's notion of risk society in an analysis of contemporary regional cooperative efforts in maritime East Asia. The paper asserts that epistemic institutions can play a key role in promoting risk-centred sustainable development of maritime activities by both state and non-state users, with potential spillover effects on cooperative hard security issues.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The concepts of Fourth Generation Warfare are prominent in analysis of current and future defence requirements. However, much of the debate has been concerned almost exclusively with the validity and application of theseconcepts in the land enviroment. This paper seeks to examine both the general validity of Fourth Generation Warfare and its implications for maritime forces. In particular, it will consider the precedents for maritime operations in similar situations and will seek to assess the advantages and risks likely to be involved from such involvement, both for the United States and its Allies.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Events such as the UK-Iceland "Cod Wars" and the Peruvian and Chilean seizure of American tuna boats brought fishery and maritime issues to international prominence in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, armed conflicts have erupted over maritime issues between such advanced industrialized democracies as Canada and Spain. Several solutions have been proposed to manage the increasingly contentious world of maritime claims. Stemming from the literature on common property resources, solutions focus on authority, privatization, and institutions. Two primary mechanisms for resolving competing maritime claims are evaluated in this paper: 1) the creation of private ownership of maritime zones in the form of Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZs), and 2) the creation of an institution, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), to establish standards for maritime claims and resolve disputes. Privatization may promote long-term cooperation and more efficient extraction of maritime resources, but may be suboptimal if the creation of private property rights for maritime areas generates distributional conflict. Similarly, the institutional approach to managing resources of the seas offers many advantages for resolving competing maritime claims and providing explicit mechanisms for dispute resolution, but may be problematic if distributional conflicts arise and/or institutional design is suboptimal. We evaluate the effects of UNCLOS and EEZs on the peaceful and militarized management of maritime claims in the Western Hemisphere and Europe (1900-2001). Our analyses suggest that declared EEZs work more efficiently for helping parties reach equitable agreements in bilateral negotiations, although membership in UNCLOS promotes more frequent third party conflict management efforts.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In spite of the fact that Japan is a maritime nation, Japan's naval policy has remained extremely passive. However, the security issues since the end of the Cold War, especially the growing tensions in the East Asia have called for a more positive stance for maritime policy. The two wars in the Middle East request Japan a larger role which cover the Indian Ocean and stimulate the necessity how to compile the maritime strategy. This is also a strategic choice for Japan's defense policy.