Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper examines the ability of the National Rifle Association to affect turnout in House races in 1994, 1996, and 1998. We construct models of turnout in congressional elections that include NRA candidate endorsements and membership numbers.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper is an examination of the NRA's recent freedom of speech agenda, aimed at both the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and the Patriot Act.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper describes the political process of implementing the National Recovery Administration (NRA) codes in U.S. broadcasting from January 1933 to May 1935, when NRA legislation was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. Through this first New Deal period, the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) sought to maintain its corporate dominance of broadcasting that it won in the the Radio Act of 1927, and later the Communications Act of 1934. The largest U.S. radio networks (the National Broadcasting Company and the Columbia Broadcasting System) through its control of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), largely steered the NRA code-making process. The NAB Board of Directors developed a set of "war plans' to protect advertisers, agencies, broadcasters, alike from attacks by unfriendly groups. The NAB's principal focus was to protect the advertiser-supported broadcasting system from opposition groups. Though this organization, national broadcasting industry interests usually won out over the concerns of local or small-town broadcasters. Due to a largely cooperative policy that favored President Roosevelt, the radio industry maintained industry control through 1935 over the broadcasting status-quo despite challenges from organized labor groups such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and other organizations that had protested the almost complete commercial re-orientation of the industry. The following key turning points through the 1933-35 period: (1) organization of the Radio Broadcasting Code Authority (RBCA); (2) the establishment of network company unions to thwart independent unionism; (3) announcement of "Code of Fair Competition for Radio Broadcasting".

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper examines the ability of the National Rifle Association (NRA) to stimulate turnout in US House races in 1994, 1996, and 1998. A basic model of congressional turnout is specified that includes endorsements and membership numbers of the NRA

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This research on NRA argues that the stronger the government regulations become, the stronger the interest groups become, through periods divided into as pre-1934 period, inter 1934-1968 period, inter 1968-1994 period, and post 1994 period.