Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The terrorism organizations raise their funds from many sources. Terrorists can use charitable organizations to earn. However, they can take extortion, sell drugs, and smuggle cigarettes or people. Therefore, it is important to identify the sources and channels of terrorism financing. Suitably, the purpose of this study is to stress and show the sources which are used by PKK terrorist organization. Therefore, to learn PKK�s financing methods will draw a map in terminating its sources.
The case study of PKK has been prepared on the basis of secondary research methodology. The sources of evidence in this paper come from documentation and archival records. Police reports, newspaper clippings, and other articles appearing in the mass media will be sources of evidence. Statements of members of PKK given to Police Organizations will be another source of evidence in this study. In addition, this study will involve an extensive investigation on media coverage of the PKK and its financial resources. In examining the connection between its funds and PKK, this paper will benefit from the data provided by investigators from newspapers, magazines, and internet resources. Finally, intelligence reports and hearings will provide important information on this issue.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Abstract

Trans-state ethnic and religious identity groups enable the emergence of hybrid terrorist and criminal networks that pose grave security threats. Identity-based networks provide the basis for militant organizations that use violent strategies for political objectives. To gain funds and weapons, trans-state terrorist organizations may establish criminal enterprises or align with existing criminal networks. These hybrid networks command both economic and political resources that militants can use to broaden their support and suborn local officials. New data summarized here is based on survey by the Minorities at Risk project of the activities of 112 political organizations that represented ethnic or religious minorities in Middle Eastern countries. During 113 group-years between 1980 and 2004 these entities reportedly engaged in criminal activities such as smuggling, drug and arms trafficking, and money transfers and laundering.

This paper uses detailed information on the PKK to illuminate the interactions between political and economic activities by transnational terrorist organizations. The PKK for 30 years has used terror strategies aimed at establishing an independent Kurdistan in SE Turkey. By the 1990s it was able to extract about US$ 50 million annually in �taxes� and contributions from the Kurdish diaspora in Europe and to earn an estimated US$ 44 million from smuggling drugs from the Middle East and dealing them in European cities. After the 2003 US invasion of Iraq the PKK expanded its base areas in northern Iraq, intensified attacks on Turkish targets, and thus has become a source of serious conflict between the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government and Turkey. We analyze in detail the network of constraints and opportunities that have shaped the PKK�s political and economic strategies, and use our theoretical framework to suggest how the PKK is likely to respond to the changing power balance in the Arab peninsula, and to the tightening of EU anti-terrorism and anti-trafficking policies. We suggest inter alia that the PKK may undergo an agenda shift away from political terrorism and toward alliances with other international criminal networks.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Labelling the �other� is one of the most relevant aspects in an armed conflict context. By summarising what the opponent is in one single expression helps to convince the audience that it really represents an existential threat. The usage of the expression �terrorist� is in that sense a very strong example. By labelling an individual or a group as a terrorist it places the �other� outside the conflict framework. As terrorists, it becomes impossible to negotiate with them; they represent the Evil, the barbarians that kill innocent people in order to achieve their goals. In that sense the only reasonable solution is to eliminate them. This choice brings implications to the way the conflict is approached. It is no longer about fighting another group but about destroying it.
By using the Copenhagen School securitization theory applied to conflicts, it is the goal of this paper to assess the process and implications of that discursive choice. Turkish discourse on the conflict against the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) will be used as a case study. It will be seen how the narrative of the conflict is constructed and how it limits its potential resolution.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The paper presents the Counter terrorism policies of Turkey against PKK.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: urvival and long term success of terrorist organizations largely depend on the public support that they receive from the population. Terrorist organizations strive to obtain the population’s support trough various ways; and “terrorism” is a common instrument to obtain such support. Since 1995, political wing of the PKK has been running for the Parliamentary elections at the national level, and/or municipality elections at the local level. Until the last elections in 2007, the PKK used to gradually increase its political support; however, the last election results indicated that the PKK sharply lost its political support by almost 50%. This loss of political support significantly influenced the PKK’s terrorist behavior. This research examines how the terrorist attacks changed the terrorist behavior of the PKK and where the attacks focused on after the election by comparing the terrorist attacks by the PKK in the Kurdish populated regions of Turkey between pre and post-five months periods.