Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: For scholars of international relations, policing reform in Northern Ireland illustrates the impact of global governance on transforming a key institution of state power --the police-- in a conflict or post-conflict society. The Independent Commission on Policing (aka the Patten Commission) and its incorporation of international "best practices" in its recommendations for policing reform in Northern Ireland qualify it as an authoritative interlocutor of global governance. For feminist scholars of IR, the policing reform question in Northern Ireland also reveals important gender constructions and gender politics at work, both in the Patten Commission recommendations and in the debates over their implementation within Northern Ireland. This paper explores the competing models of hegemonic masculinity at work in the debates about policing and the implementation of policing reform in Northern Ireland in the context of neoliberal globalization..

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: In the wake of the intelligence failure of 2001, the NYPD?s Intelligence Division has undertaken an unprecedented global expansion. New York City officials, feeling they had been left out of the loop regarding terror threats by the FBI and CIA amongst others, has undertaken to provide for their own security in a manner that is considered innovative by many, and threatening by some. The Intelligence Division has sent officers to capitals in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, developing an intelligence gathering apparatus to rival the scope of those in many moderately sized countries. This internationalization of a municipal police force is unlike anything that has been seen before; with perhaps the possible exception of London?s Metropolitan Police. This paper will conduct a comparative case study of the NYPD Intelligence and Counterterrorism Divisions and the London Metropolitan Police?s Special Branch, which is responsible for counter-terrorism operations. These two municipal police forces, from two of the world?s most significant cultural, social and economic hubs are at the cutting edge of law enforcement and counter-terrorism; and may be offering up an increasingly appealing option to other cities: the internationalization of municipal policing. The implications of internationalized municipal policing for International Relations are myriad.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The previous studies for the Prague, Botswana, and Mauritius Police were compared and analyzed based on contemporary democratic policing initiatives. The four criterions were sought and highlighted in assessing these urban police: Lawful policing, respect for human rights, organization fairness and accountability, being proactive individual needs as well as community needs. Transition from traditional policing to professional policing brought up various outcomes in these developing countries. The paper discussed the internal and external entities of police agencies that influenced the process in transforming to democratic police. There was also strong relationship with police accountability and the political regime in assessing of new form of policing. It was concluded that the concept of democratic policing in modern countries did not totally account for the deficiencies of implementation democratic policing in the developing countries.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Researchers studying the police use of force face the imposing obstacle of precisely measuring incidences of police forceful behavior. Studies utilizing police officers’ reports of their own use of force behavior may not accurately measure more serious and illegitimate forms of police forceful behaviors, due to the sensitive and socially undesirable nature of both topics. Studies that utilize observational data are not only expensive and difficult to carry out, but they also run the risk of measuring behaviors adapted to the presence of an observer. Finally, civilian reports of police officers’ behaviors also face significant perception biases, most notably, the possibility that civilians’ attitudes toward the police (and toward the criminal justice system in general) may influence the accuracy of their reporting. This paper focuses this final phenomenon. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: Community Survey (Earls 1997), this study examines how civilians’ attitudes toward the police, and their levels of legal cynicism in general, may shape their reports of police officers’ use of excessive force. It is expected that those civilians who report more negative attitudes toward the police, and who report higher levels of legal cynicism in general, will be more likely to report higher levels of police officers’ use of excessive force in their neighborhoods. Implications of these findings for the study of police behavior will be discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The nature of modern violence that we have experienced in the twenty-first century makes it clear that law enforcement has entered a unique age of public safety. Today, in addition to the traditional duties of law enforcement, order maintenance, and community service, police officers have auxiliary duties imposed upon them: to be the first line of defense in homeland security as well as to actively participate in terrorism investigations. It is expected that terrorism-related calls for service and response have increased since September 11th, having an impact on the daily operations of police agencies. This research seeks to explore the extent of “real change” taking place in local policing practices post September 11 in New Jersey. New Jersey offers a unique environment for a study of this kind as the state has established itself as a leader for counterterrorism response and mitigation. Preliminary data will be presented to: 1. Understand whether September 11 has changed and reprioritized the basic functions of policing, and to what extent; 2. Determine whether the changes are reactive (external) or proactive (internal); and 3. Which elements of policing are being utilized (i.e. military style) to indicate or discount a policing paradigm shift.