Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The Supreme Court of the United States recognized in Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927 (1995), that a knock and announce requirement existed in the Fourth Amendment and that police must abide by the principle. The Wilson Court noted that it did not need to define a comprehensive catalog of situations where knock and announce was a mandatory procedure and where the knock and announce requirement need not be applied. In the absence of clear direction in numerous situations, police have failed to follow the policy resulting in deaths to both police and innocent people. The Supreme Court failed to clear the air in Hudson v. Michigan, ___ U.S. ___ (2006), when the Court ruled that a police violation of the knock and announce requirement does not necessarily result in the suppression of any evidence discovered in a subsequent search. Because there is no real penalty for ignoring the knock and announce principle, state courts or state legislatures must address the issue to determine when the knock and announce policy must be followed and the either the courts or the legislatures must devise a penalty for violations as a means of enforcement of the Fourth Amendment’s historic knock and announce requirement.

Publication Type: Abstract
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Barron’s Profiles ranks the competitiveness of undergraduate (UG) institutions; however, community colleges (CC) are not included. Previously, we found that UG-GPA and PCAT were associated with PharmD GPA (COP-GPA) in each didactic year (P1-P3); however, only UG-GPA and UG ranking were associated for P4. Since some applicants complete pre-pharmacy requirements at CC, we evaluated UG ranking and CC attendance as a predictor of performance in a PharmD program.
METHODS: We evaluated relationships between UG ranking and GPAs of 2003-06 PharmD graduates. UG institutions at which these graduates completed pre-pharmacy courses were categorized and ranked as follows: most competitive (MC=5), highly competitive (HC=4), very competitive (VC=3), competitive (C=2), less competitive (LC=1) and community college (CC=0). Relationships between UG-GPA, PCAT, UG ranking and PharmD GPA were assessed by univariate and multivariate regression. RESULTS: Records were available for 191 students (MC=2, HC=79, VC=33, C=43, LC=10, CC=24) from 67 institutions. Mean P4 GPAs were: MC=3.6, HC=3.4, VC=3.2, C=3.3, LC=2.7, CC=3.1). By univariate analysis, UG-GPA(p<0.0001), PCAT (p<0.0001) and UG ranking (p=0.0003-0.0069) were associated with GPA in each year (P1-P4). R2 values for P1-P3 were consistent for UG-GPA (0.328-0.355), PCAT (0.248-0.285) and UG ranking (0.038-0,047), but lower for UG-GPA (0.016) and PCAT (0.126) and higher for UG ranking (0.069) for P4. Multivariate analysis found only UG-GPA and PCAT significant for P1-P3 GPA. In P4, UG ranking and CC attendance were also significant.
CONCLUSIONS: When UG-GPA and PCAT are used, UG ranking and CC attendance was associated with PharmD GPA only in the P4 year.

Publication Type: Session Presentation
Abstract: This session will review the requirements for foreign language teachers and their “qualification”, including deadlines, common certification pathways, alternative certification, the role of the principal, and other associated certification requirements. It will also focus on the importance of professional development activities to satisfy these ‘highly qualified’ requirements.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper introduces a much larger project on the history, theory, and application of the idea of provisional liberalism. Here I argue that more than a decade of work in deliberative and discursive democratic theory has produced a solid record of improvement over previous models of democratic theory, but that these gains have been accompanied by very serious shortcomings. I propose to save the advantages and jettison the disadvantages of deliberative theory by revising it in accordance with the theory of provisional liberalism, and in particular, provisional liberalism?s concept of time.
This move is no mere abstraction, but entails a very specific set of methodological recommendations for democratic theorist, who, I argue, ought not to require deliberation to produce either quick consensus or individual political enlightenment. Rather, realizing the standards set by deliberative theory should promote dynamic shifts in the arguments that are possible to make successfully in public. Instead of looking to sophisticated versions of public opinion research for information on individual-level preferences and how they change, deliberative democratic theory should attend to the various literatures on the dynamics of political argument itself. These include work in the history of concepts, discourse theory, the languages of political thought, and empirical literatures on the causal power of ideas.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Every State has a myriad of varying public notification requirements that sex offenders must fulfill. Some requirements are passive requiring little input from the offender, others require active participation by the offender in notification. State law provisions further vary from specific notification of individuals, to geographic neighborhoods or just general public availability of the registration. Assigning each statutory provision a rating -- whether the requirement is passive or active and specific or general – a dual axis qualitative rating for that State can be achieved. Such a rating would be useful to test sex offender registration compliance rates; population clustering; preferential registering and other social legal issues.