Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In order to read this paper in its fullest terms, please read page eight then page three then page seven, all after reading page one. Sounds delightful, does it not? Sure, one may wonder if this paper is designed as a find‐your‐own‐adventure story; however, the beginning sentence was merely provided to help remind us all of how several in the general public feels about the bureaucracy. In the most basic sense, the general public feels the bureaucracy has the strong potential to send you to one agency then back again just to find out the agency you were just at could have solved your next problem. (We will not bother to discuss here how many incorrect service lines that one could be pushed through at any of the above agencies before finding the proper one). Bureaucracy is a shared experience that we are sure everyone has encountered at least once, if not more, in their lifetime; for example, almost every
American shares stories of bureaucratic nightmares at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. From these experiences, a general disdain of the bureaucracy seemingly forms. In everyday life, people have regularly complained about the "cushy" jobs and the red tape that has been created by this overbearing, rigid system known as the American bureaucracy. As with many things in life, we tend to forget the good whenever the bad arises. Few remember the countless days when mail delivery operates properly, but rather focus on the one day it arrives late.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Red tape is an important theme in governmental reform. This study utitilizes a large-scale survey of English local governments, 2001-2003, to investigate the ontology of red tape, identify its antecedents, document its prevalence, and more.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is a look at Medical Technical Assistants (MTA) in California prison systems. MTAs were the topic of legislative debate in California in 2000 and have resurfaced periodically through legal matters. MTAs hold a questionable position in California prison; they are prison officers empowered with custodial authority, but MTAs are also entrusted with the duty of health service workers. The tension between caring and controlling for prisoners had caused MTAs to be the foci of scrutiny for various prison deaths and the California Department of Corrections healthcare as a whole. This paper looks at how individual MTAs manage the tension of controlling prisoners as officers and caring for their health as nurses.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Once major problems go away, or seem to go away, ones previously considered minor tend to rise to take their place. In the wake of the Cold War, perceptions of threat from minor, even pathetic, states has risen, and weapons that have historically killed few people are raised to the status of weapons of mass destruction. In particular, the threat from terrorism, something that has historically killed remarkably few people (even including September 11), has been elevated so that it takes on almost cosmic proportions. Wariness, watchfulness, and judicious preparation are justified, but not hysteria.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper assesses what individual level, non-perceptual, but stratification and career contextual variables moderate perceptions of red tape in public organizations. The analysis proceeds from the assumption that individual characteristics and experiences, not abstract psychological traits or attitudes, may be a promising avenue to investigate determinants of red tape, because different career experiences and individual circumstances place individuals in different relations to the arguably stable sets of organizational rules. If so, such experiences and characteristics will provide promising explanations of why peers placed in the same organizational context may have varying perceptions of the arguably consistent level or red tape characterizing that context.