Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This article criticizes that A. G. Frank' Reorient neglects the important role of Choson Dynasty(1392-1910, in Korea) in East Asia. Frank tried to see world between 1400 and 1800 in unity in diversity and concluded that various parts of Asia, especially East Asia were far more important in and to world economy than all of Europe. He treated mainly economic, demographic, and technical development of Japan and China in East Asia. But without Choson Dynasty, anyone cannot understand and analyse properly international economic and foreign relation of East Asia. The reasons are as follows. First, Choson between 1400-1800 had developed economically as much as China and Japan. Second, Choson had played a great role in connecting China and Japan and had influenced much positive effects on development of Japan. Third, Choson could overcome so-called 'seventeenth century crisis' and succeeded in continuing its political system, although the Myng in China had fallen. This shows that diverse local or national 'internal' circumstance can cause different way of development in East Asia. So we need to reappraise Reorient's basic proposition, a 'horizontally integrative macro-history' of world. Only when role of Choson can be properly estimated, dynamics and diversity of East Asia can be understood. Futhermore this right estimation of Choson between 1400-1800 can be useful in preventing danger of a newly emerging Chino-centric trends.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The paper analyzes attempts by pirates to form stable political communities. By drawing on Eric Hobsbawn's work on bandits and the state-formation theories put forward by Charles Tilly, the paper first asks what motivates violent sea-borne economic actors to attempt establishing political structures. Second, the paper looks at the failure of pirates and privateers to set up their own political communities. The first part of the paper puts forward three potential explanations for the relatively common attempts by sea-borne bandits during the 17th-19th century, to set up their own political communities. First, pirate political communities grew out of simple necessity. While operating at sea, as self-contained communities, where rules were enforced through coercion (or threat thereof), pirate ships behaved similar to the Weberian idea of what constitutes a political community. Second, on many pirate vessels, there was a specific normative utopian sentiment, emphasizing relatively democratic and equalitarian principles. For these reasons, pirating vessels have often been described as "republics-at-sea." This utopian aspect is also seen in pirate attempts at setting up political communities on land, such as on Tortuga, Mauritius, Borneo or in Madagascar. Thirdly, the attempts at formation of land-based political communities, was the result of the success of piratical activities which in turn, required safe havens, or ideally, trading entrepots (e.g. Reunion, Tortuga and Port Royale). The second part of the paper analyzes the success of pirates at setting up political communities, specifically land-based communities, since ships as "republics-at-sea," tended after all, to be temporary, contractual operations. Pirate attempts at forming land communities were possible because of great power inattention or encouragement. Ultimately, pirate attempts at the formation of land-based political communities have historically failed. While land-based bandits have sometimes been able to make the transition from robber barons to kings, pirates have not been successful in this regard. Both bandits and pirates thrive in anarchical situations. However, as land-bandits are more likely to be domestic actors, they risk retaliation only from one state; in the case of a weak state (i.e. anarchy), their chance to become a political force is significant. Pirates on the other hand, by definition act in an anarchical environment as international actors; as such they always face the risk of retaliation from more than one (powerful) state.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: We report on the impact of a year-long professional development program designed to help middle- and high-school mathematics teachers improve the depth of students’ knowledge of mathematics procedures. Students from nine treatment groups and five comparison groups were tested three times during the year to assess the impact of the program. The data collection scheme allowed for a detailed chronology of the changes in student skill and understanding both over time and between groups. We also triangulate the student impact by presenting the results of our classroom observations of teacher practice, which were obtained using a digital classroom observation instrument developed for the study.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This National Science Foundation research project focuses on the development of culturally relevant native science supplemental curriculum for four Native Nations. Research design, academic achievements and attitudes will be discussed.