Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Normative notions of fairness are shaped by?and reflected in?a nation?s legal system. The idea of equality is a bedrock element of the American legal and political systems; we strive for a meritocracy and affirm the obligation of government to treat similarly situated citizens equally. The ?level playing field? is a favorite metaphor.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: On December 17, 2002, President George Bush directed Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to proceed with fielding an initial set of missile defense capabilities to protect the United States as well as its friends and allies. Once fully deployed, this system will be composed of: (1) ground-, air-, sea-, and space-based sensors to provide early warning, characterization, and tracking of missile launches anywhere in the world; (2) ground-, air-, and sea-based interceptors to destroy enemy missiles or their warheads upon impact; and, (3) redundant fire control centers for battle management, command, and control. This will represent the most significant milestone achieved so far in implementing the third leg of the New Triad introduced in the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review. This paper examines the roles and missions prescribed for missile defense by the NPR, including the potential contributions of missile defense to the four objectives established by the NPR and other documents for overall U.S. strategic forces, that is, to assure, dissuade, deter, and defeat/defend. It then summarizes the substantial progress to date in implementing the NPR's vision for missile defenses, noting that in some ways the actual program has outpaced the modest goals set by the NPR. It then reviews the technical, cost, and diplomatic challenges to further implementing the NPR's missile defense recommendations, and concludes with some observations on the long-term prospects for missile defense's staying power.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Religious involvement affects politics by shaping people's fundamental beliefs about issues such as gay rights and by mobilizing people to political action. Using "tilt analysis" we show how these factors can work together or against one another.

Publication Type: Individual Poster
Abstract: Background and aims:
With universal hearing screening programs in place for newborns, it is now possible to detect hearing loss and fit correct amplification in infancy. But it is not known what is “correct”? Older children’s or adults’ amplification preferences do not necessarily generalize to those of the infant. A recent study showed 24- and 36-week-old infants discriminate utterances with zero spectral tilt (0 dB) from utterances with a positive or negative 9dB per octave spectral tilt. However, when the degree of spectral tilt is reduced to 6dB, 24-week-old infants can only discriminate between 0dB and -6dB while 36-week-olds only discriminate 0dB and +6dB per octave spectral tilt (Kitamura, Gregory & Kuan, 2005). In this study the preferences of 24- and 36-week-olds for band-limited (.25-4 kHz) utterances shaped to spectral tilts of -9, +9 dB per octave and 0 dB were assessed. It is expected that 24-week-old infants will prefer negatively tilted speech, and 36-week-old infants will prefer positively tilted speech.
Methods:
Infants participated in one of three experiments (1) 0dB and -9 dB, (2) 9dB and +9dB and (3) 0dB and +9dB. In each experiment 25 infants were tested using a two screen auditory preference procedure in which looking right produced one tilt type, and looking left produced the other (counterbalancing order/side of presentation). The speech stimuli consisted of a female speaker’s productions of multiple tokens of the utterance “swish boom.”
Key Results:
A 2(ages) x (2)(tilt types) ANOVA was conducted for each experiment. The results of all three ANOVAs showed a significant main effect for tilt type (p<0.05) but no interaction between tilt type and age. That is, irrespective of age, the results showed the following: In Experiment 1 (-9dB, 0dB) infants listened significantly longer to normal than negatively tilted speech (p=.004); in Experiment 2 (-9dB, +9dB) infants preferred speech with a positive over negative spectral tilt (p=.0001) and similarly in Experiment 3, infants showed a preference for speech with a positive over zero spectral tilt (p=.05).
Conclusions:
Overall, the results show that 24- and 36-week-olds have stronger preferences for speech with a positive tilt than a zero or negative tilt. Furthermore infants prefer normal speech to negatively tilted speech. The results are contrary to expectations as previous research (Kitamura et al., 2005; Tsang & Trainor, 2002) suggest younger infants would find low frequency amplification more attractive. Further research with a 6dB per octave spectral tilt will be conducted.