Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The Uruguay Round (1986?94) was a path-breaking trade round. It was the first under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to include developing states as active participants; over three-quarters of its members were developing states. It was ambitious in scope, addressing a range of issues, including new ones such as intellectual property rights, that had not been covered by previous rounds. And, ultimately, it transformed the architecture of the global trade environment by creating the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO has become a key institution of global governance: the Final Act of the Uruguay Round established it as a fully-fledged international governing institution recognized in international law.
For the developing states, the Uruguay Round not only defined new rules of the game for the multilateral trading system but also aimed to level the playing field in trade issues between advanced states and developing states. The trade package that resulted from the Uruguay Round benefited developing states in particular by improving their market access in important export areas such as agriculture and textiles, and by clarifying anti-dumping rules, and establishing countervailing measures. Overall, it made the rules for international trade more equal by establishing a permanent dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO. The particular needs of the developing states were formally acknowledged as well. The preamble of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization confers a distinct status on developing countries. It suggests that their specific needs would be taken into account in the new trading system: ?There is a need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth of international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.? But in addition to these expressed safeguards and trade gains for developing states, the WTO trade package included provisions that impose new burdens on them. One of the most salient of these is the pharmaceuticals provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Asian Americans have been said to face authenticity dilemmas in the United States as neither real �Americans� nor Asian enough. This paper analyzes this authenticity dilemma in a transnational context by examining how young Korean Americans make sense of their tourist visits to their home country. Drawing on in-depth, open-ended interviews with twenty-one Korean Americans beyond the first generation (all but two were second-generation), I find that racial similarity with South Koreans means little in light of the �homeland�s� restrictive definitions of cultural �Korean-ness.� Therefore, while the informants struggle with their status as racialized foreigners in the United States, they become cultural foreigners in South Korea. The tourist visit affirms to them, then, that the United States feels more like �home;� by extension, they come to define �the homeland� as the place of their ethnic roots and ancestors but not necessarily one of cultural familiarity and understanding. Although most of the Korean Americans become more convinced that the United States is �home,� some resigned to seeing themselves as culturally Korean and (white) American without being able to make either status-claim. Such a realization was often bittersweet, as it meant that �race� still mattered in America.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper looks at the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs) and asks if the Agreement is a manifestation of structural power in the global political economy. TRIPs came into being as a result of the Uruguay Round of trade talks which took place from 1986 to 1993. During that time the issue of intellectual property rights moved from the arcane area of legal analysis to the epicentre of global policy making. TRIPs has enormous implications in terms of public health, food security and state sovereignty yet was placed on the WTO agenda in a surreptitious manner. Only in the aftermath of its appearance as part of the Uruguay Round agreement was TRIPs scrutinised in a manner befitting its significance. This paper will ask why TRIPs was placed at the centre of the WTO's global remit when there were already multilateral organisations in place whose task was to ensure the implementation of intellectual property rights standards worldwide. In doing this, it will look explicitly at Susan Strange's notion of structural power, and examines if the TRIPs Agreement reflects the structural power of a single hegemon or is an example of multilateralism that promises greater global benefits than those proffered by bilateralism and regional agreements.

Publication Type: Paper Presentation
Abstract: With the majority of studies in environmental education addressing only short-term impacts of EE programs, the current study examined the long-term impact of an EE school field trip on 4th grade students who visited Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Despite working under the same international regulatory framework, domestic HIV/AIDS policy in Brazil and India is quite distinct. Our paper seeks to explain this puzzle through a comparative historical analysis utilizing recently compiled data.