Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Abstract

With regards to enlargement of the European Union, many discussions share center stage; in particular, empirical discussions or the eastward enlargement, and theoretical discussions of where will it end? The process of European integration has entered another phase of eastward expansion. During the past fifty years, we have witnessed deeper economic and political integration of Western Europe coupled with southern, northern and Mediterranean expansions. While the process of Western European integration is incomplete, member states are concerned with extending the EU�s zone of democracy, prosperity and stability into Central and Eastern Europe. In Brussels, member states speak in terms of deepening and widening the EU.

With a focus on the EU side of the enlargement equation, the dissertation research project seeks to describe the enlargement process and analyze some key issues. In addition, the research project will present a theoretical analysis rooted in the literature of political science, international relations, international political economy, and historical institutionalism with regards to contemporary debate on European Union openness, limits and external frontiers. Thus, the purpose of the dissertation research design is to integrate the disciplines of political science, international relations, international political economy, and history to provide an historical and analytical account of the eastward enlargement process and generate a theoretical framework that relate to contemporary debates on the frontiers of the European Union. It is intended to contribute to the growing field of literature by researching some areas that are neglected by most books and articles, while blending together the views of both practioners and academics, thus empirical meets theoretical. The dissertation research project has three main themes:

�an examination of the enlargement process as viewed by member states;
�a survey of the Copenhagen criteria;
�an exploration of the frontiers of EU enlargement.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Turkish Labour Act was changed in 10.06.2003. As you see we have very new labour law rules. Before the new rules we had very inflexible rules. Turkey wants to be a member of European Unıon. Nowadays we are changing our rules.. We have many problems about changing rules. Because it is not easy to adaptation. In this research we will talk about in generally, union fredom and union rights in Turkey. In this speech it will also give informations about individual union freedom and collective union fredom.
Individual union freedom arranges relationships between workers and employers.
Individual union freedom is to be examined pozitive and negative unıon fredom. İf there is no Collective union freedom, individual union freedom has no meaning.
In this speech we will also mention about international base of union freedom. Forexample European social charter, International labour organization contract and directives, Human Righst Acts.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the political economy of British trade union policy towards the European Union from the 1960s to the current period. It aims to evaluate trade union policy through the theoretical lens of World Order analysis in International Political Economy (Cox 1981; Lipietz 1992; Gamble and Payne 1996; Payne 2005). The paper seeks to develop three related arguments. First, focusing on the TUC and abstracting from important political and sectoral divisions within the British union movement, while assuming unions to be informed, rational agents in the pursuit of labour interests, it is argued that union assessments of the EC (later the European Union (EU)) have been fundamentally determined by the broader political economy environment or structure in which they have acted to promote these interests. Teague and Grahl have argued that British trade union policy towards the EC has been largely determined by an underlying attachment to a model of national political economy. This, they claim has underscored a pervasive and enduring scepticism towards the European project. Second, in line with world order analysis, it is contended that there has been a fundamental shift in the political economy environment associated with neoliberal globalisation. This shift can be dated from the early 1970s and was marked, not least, by the ending of the thirty-year post-war boom, itself structured around the so-called ‘Keynesian Golden Age’. While his analysis has been strongly contested (Teague and Grahl 1992; Rosamond 1993), Dorfman (1977) suggests the broad parameters of this shift, particularly in so far as it was identified as a source of national economic instability and crisis, was recognised by trade union leaders and key policy actors at the time. This paper seeks to affirm Dorfman’s analysis, claiming that the 1970s marked the beginning of a fundamental (and positive) re-evaluation within the union movement of the efficacy, from a general labour interests viewpoint, of Britain’s integration with Europe. It therefore challenges Teague and Grahl’s insistence on an enduring commitment to national political economy by British trade union policy makers.Third, changing union attitudes and policy towards the EC/EU reflect the structural shift in the political economy. This shift has centred on neoliberal globalisation and the internationalisation of the (competition) state (Cox 1981; Lipietz 1992; Cerny 1997). Under such conditions, national-level demand-led social democratic projects have been largely undermined by the pervasive imperatives of international competitiveness imposed by globalising structures and agents. Against this structural backdrop, British union attitudes to the EC/EU – at least in so far as the EC/EU represents forms of governance through which the wider political economy can be regulated – fundamentally altered, becoming consistently positive despite the vicissitudes of the European project itself. During the Keynesian ‘golden age’, British unions analysed Europe from a default position of pragmatic scepticism, a position informed by the assumptions of ‘naïve’ national Keynesianism and its efficacy (Teague and Grahl 1992). By contrast, since the mid 1970s the British unions have increasingly evaluated engagement and integration with the EC/EU from a position predicated on and informed by the crisis of Keynesianism as a national political economy. In view of national Keynesianism’s crisis under globalisation, positive engagement with the EC/EU became the new default policy position of the union movement especially at TUC level around which on-going division caused by political and sectoral factors oscillated. Within this context, the EC/EU has come to be seen as instrumental to any potential reconstruction of global social democracy. Faced with a national political economy largely determined by globalisation and characterised by an increasingly ‘embedded neoliberalism’ (Apeldoorn 2002; Payne 2005), British unions have turned decisively towards the EC/EU and its evolving structures of governance and regulation. This is because in the context of EC/EU governance of the regional European political economy, globalisation is (or is perceived to be) less structurally determining than at the national level. At the EU level the renewal of social democracy, under conditions I characterise as negotiated openness, remains in principle a feasible strategic choice, albeit one not necessarily favoured by all interests within the EU’s political class. Where British trade unions once tended to regard the EU as a free market challenge to social democracy, the EU now appears as social democracy’s potential saviour in an era of neoliberal globalisation. Though enthusiasm for Europe has certainly waned, post-Delors, the recent experience of ‘consolidated neoliberalism’ (Payne 2005) under New Labour governments has confirmed the ‘new realism’ with which the TUC began to approach political economy during the crisis years of the 1970s and what for them were the dark days of Thatcherism in the 1980s. While the ‘negotiated openness’ of the EUs regional governance or nascent state-building project holds no or few guarantees for organised labour it remains, as Ron Todd, former General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union, once said ‘the only card-game in town’.ReferencesApeldoorn, B. Van (2002) Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle over European Integration, London, Routledge.Callaghan, J. (2003) ‘Social Democracy’s Big Problem: Economic Globalisation or Hard Times?’, European Political Science, Vol.2, No.2, 32-39.Callaghan, J. (2002) ‘Globalisation and Social Democracy’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol.3, No.3, 429-51.Coates, D. (1980) Labour in Power? London, Longman.Cox, R. (1981) ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol.10, No.2, pp.126.55.Dorfman, G. (1977) ‘From the Inside Looking Out (The Trades Union Congress in the EEC)’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.15, Nos.4 248-271.Gamble, A. (1981) Britain in Decline, First Edition, London, Macmillan.Gamble, A. (1990) Britain in Decline, Third Edition, London, MacmillanGamble, A. and Payne, A. (1996) Regionalism and World Order, London, Macmillan.Gill, S. (1992) 'The Emerging World Order and European Change', in C. Leys and L. Panitch (eds.) The Socialist Register 1992, Merlin, London, pp.157-196.Gill, S (1998) 'European Governance and the new constitutionalism', New Political Economy, Vol.3, No.1, 4-25.Helleiner, E. (1994) States and the Re-emergence of Global Finance, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Holland, S. (1993a) The European Imperative, Nottingham, SpokesmanHolland, S. (1993b) Beyond Maastricht: a New Strategy for Jobs and Recovery in Europe, London, MSFJessop, R. (1990) State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in its Place, Cambridge, Polity Press.Labour Research Department (1989) 1992: What it Means to Trade Unionists, London, LRD Publications Ltd.Lipietz, A. (1987) Mirages and Miracles, London, Verso. Lipietz, A. (1992) Towards an New International Economic Order, Cambridge, Polity.Payne, A. (2005) The Global Politics of Unequal Development, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.Rosamond, B. (1992) Beyond Nation State Socialism? British Trade Unionism and European Integration in the Thatcher Years 1979-1990, University of Sheffield, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis.Rosamond, B. (1993) ‘National labour organisation and European integration: British trade unions and “1992”’, Political Studies, Vol.41. Nos.3.Ruggie, J.G. (1982) ‘International Regimes, Transactions and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Post-war Economic Order’, International Organisation, 36 (2), pp.379-415.Strange, G. (1997) ‘The British labour movement and economic and monetary union in Europe’, Capital and Class no.63, pp.13-24.Strange, G. (2002) ‘British Trade Unions and European Union Integration in the 1990s: Politics versus Political Economy’, Political Studies Vol.50, No.2, pp.332-353.Strange, G. (2006) 'The Left Against Europe?', Government and Opposition, Vol.41, No.2, pp.197-229.TUC (1976) General Council’s Report, London, TUC.TUC (1988) Report on Europe 1992: Maximising the Benefits Minimising the Costs, London, TUC.Teague, P. (1989) ‘The British TUC and the European Community’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol.18, No.1.Teague, P. and Grahl, J. (1992) Industrial Relations and European Integration, London, Lawrence and Wishart.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Proposal for a Case Study:Subjects:The European Union and the Institutions of the European Union, EU and US relations, a comparison of European values and American values (privacy rights and the fight against terrorism)Case: In 2004 the European Council and the European Commission reached an agreement with the United States (after more than 18 months of negotiations) under which the United States Customs and border officials would be allowed to collect 34 different pieces of information about air passengers before they board a plane to the United States from Europe. The United States wanted the data as a step in the fight against terrorism.The European Parliament disagreed with this draft agreement between the Commission and the United States and voted 276 to 260 to refer the agreement to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.In May 2006, the European Union’s highest court ruled that the Union had overstepped its authority by agreeing to give the United States personal details about airline passengers flying from Europe. Specifically, the Court found that the European Commission and the European Council lacked the authority to make the deal, which was reached in May 2004. The decision forced the two sides to renegotiate the agreement. The case study method provides a venue for involving students in active discussions about the European Union and different mandates and responsibilities of each of the four European institutions involved in the case. Active learning techniques will be used, such as a simulation of one or more of the institutions as they discuss the passenger data case and the privacy rights issue. Active learning literature will be reviewed and utilized throughout the case study.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper argues that notwithstanding the pejorative connotation of the term �dual unionism,� competition between independent labor federations serves to spur innovation and revitalization in union organizing among member unions. We analyze the impact of dual unionism over the last century by estimating changes in overall union density (and AFL density) during periods when major dual union federations existed and periods when they did not. We also measure the impact of changes in the number and density of independent unions, which have maintained a steady presence throughout the last century. We find that when more unions vie for members� votes, there is a positive impact on labor union density.

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