Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper examines household connections to water and electricity at the ward level in South Africa. More generally, it examines whether or not the African National Congress (ANC) allocates these connections in a politically efficient manner. Since the ANC allocates social spending, it could allocate spending in three rational ways. Firstly, the ANC can allocate money to the wards that need it most, secondly, the ANC can allocate money to benefit its core supporters, and finally, the ANC can allocate money to benefit swing voters. I argue that the pure redistribution hypothesis does not take into account that the ANC is a political party with incentives to increase its political support. Using logistical regression, I find support for the core support model in my analysis. I find that a higher vote share for the ANC is a statistically significant predictor of the increase in connections to each service respectively, when controlling for initial level of service, urbanization, income, and the number of households per ward. It is important to note that these effects are in addition to a fairly strong redistribution effect. In all cases, the percentage of connections in 1996 had a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable. The results thus show that the ANC is addressing income inequality, but that when we control for this, there is a smaller, but significant political effect as well.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Jefferson's proposal of the ward republic represented an attempt on his part to supply greater security to the political rights of citizens by overcoming anemia (a potential vulnerability in liberal polities) and encouraging citizen vigilance.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Thomas Jefferson idealistically remained attached to and hopeful of putting into practice his classical republican ideas. This paper analyzes Jefferson's ward democracies and how they intended to support public education and active citizenship.

Publication Type: Poster
Abstract: Lester Ward (1844-1913),the first president of the American Sociological Association, was also the first American to serve as president of the International Sociological Society and presided over the 5th World Congress of Sociology(1903). He was fluent in English, French, and German and had a working knowledge of numerous languages. Ward communicated with many international scholars and his works were translated into French, German, Polish, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Japanese. The poster illustrates his connections with such scholars as Tarde, Gumplowicz, Spencer, Marx, Simmel, Posada, Kovalevskii, Durkheim, Ratzenhofer,
Gilman, Frazier, and others

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is a critical study of gender, desire, marriage, and sexuality in Julia Ward Howe’s posthumously published novel, *The Hermaphrodite.* Drawing on queer theory and gender theory, it elucidates the cultural and historical lessons the novel can teach us. The question that guides my analysis is: What sexual and gender hegemonies does the novel resist? I argue that as it dramatizes its protagonist's psychic and physical life, the novel posits an erotic of transgression and transformation, and a democratic politics of sex.