Publication Type: Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: To determine and compare the level of consumerism between professional pharmacy students and non-pharmacy students at North Dakota State University. The influence of student age was also examined.
Methods: A 14-item survey was given to professional pharmacy and non-pharmacy students at North Dakota State University. The questions were designed to assess student attitudes regarding expectations of their administration, faculty, and university. The students were asked to rate their attitudes from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” on a 5-point Likert scale. The hypotheses were that pharmacy students would tend to be more consumeristic than non-pharmacy students and that younger students would tend to be more consumeristic than older students.
Results: 288 pharmacy students and 230 non-pharmacy students, respectively, completed the survey. Pharmacy students had a mildly consumeristic orientation to their education. While the differences in opinions between pharmacy and non-pharmacy students were small, non-pharmacy students were more likely to think of education as a product they are buying, while pharmacy students had higher expectations of their professors. Younger students tended to have a more consumeristic orientation than older students.
Implications: Compared to their peers, pharmacy students were less likely to see education as a commodity, but have higher expectations of their instructors. This information may be helpful in understanding students’ sense of entitlement.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In Justice, Gender, and the Family, Susan Moller Okin argues for an equal division of paid and unpaid labor among spouses, as the solution to gender inequity in modern marriage. While Okin’s argument about gender inequities within marriage turns on the effects of sexism and gender roles, the importance of economic realities should not be overlooked. In addition to gender-based discrimination, our society’s current structure of paid labor effectively undermines the achievement of gender equity. Working in tandem with sexism, the need for at least one full-time employee in a family makes the equal division of paid and unpaid labor highly impractical in most cases. Beginning from the premise that the full-time employment imperative presents a significant obstacle to true equality in the home, this paper identifies one factor that contributes to the need for full-time employment: healthcare. A move away from employer provided healthcare, which currently privileges full-time employment, would reduce as least some of the need families feel to have one full-time wage earner, and would represent a tangible step toward the achievement of Okin’s ideal.

Publication Type: Proceeding
Abstract: Frustrated with the failure of more orthodox strategies to stem the risk of mass destruction terrorism, particularly with nuclear weapons, analysts have begun to advocate threatening deterrent retaliation against states whose insecure mass destruction weapons and materials are stolen and used in terrorist attacks against the United States. After elaborating on what is here termed “deterrence of negligence,” the paper evaluates a narrowly defined question: what would be the effect of the United States enunciating, either publicly or through private channels, a deterrence of negligence policy? This question is addressed in three parts. First, the status of current unilateral and cooperative efforts to secure vulnerable nuclear materials and weapons in the two case countries, Russia and Pakistan, is detailed. Second, the contribution of a deterrence of negligence policy towards preventing a terrorist attack with mass destruction weapons prior to such an attack is assessed. Third, the contribution of the policy towards making follow-on attacks less likely in the aftermath of an initial attack is assessed. Finally, in the context of a skeptical assessment of deterrence of negligence’s ability to ameliorate the threat of mass destruction terrorism, the paper briefly considers potential alternative strategies that could either complement or substitute for it.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Many scholars posit that the globalization of national ecnomies has weakened states' control over their societies among developing countries, thus rendering support to their improved civil liberties. Some scholars, such as Samuel Huntington, however, would argue that states from different "civilizational" groups are so fundamentally different that they react differently toward a similar change, such as the internationalization of their conomies or democratization of their societies. This paper empirically test the validity of this "Clash of Civilizations" thesis. More specifically, it examines whether Confucian and Islamic states react differently from the rest of the world toward the increased internationalization of their economy, thus allowing less improvements in their civil liberties.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper presents two studies examining the influence of counterfactual thinking (CFT) and injury severity on victims’ decision to report crime. CFT occurs when people imagine that they could have prevented a negative outcome (e.g., “If only I’d taken a different route home, I wouldn’t have been mugged”). Injury severity is also manipulated to determine whether severity and CFT interact. Participants read a stimuli paragraph and imagined that they were mugged. A 2 (CFT absent/present) X 3 (low/medium/high monetary loss) ANOVA supported the hypothesis that CFT participants were significantly more likely to report a crime and felt angrier than participants in the CFT absent condition. CFT participants were more likely to believe the crime could have been prevented and that luck played a role in the crime. Results also indicate that severe monetary loss increased reporting and anger. There was no interaction between injury and CFT for reporting. However, CFT/high injury participants felt more foolish than other groups. A second study tests a different CFT manipulation and manipulates physical (rather than monetary) injury. This second study will expand and generalize the first study. These findings indicate that the psychological phenomenon of CFT affects perceptions of the crime and willingness to report.